Health and Social Care Level free essay sample

Negative impacts inside the family may assume a significant job in activating and sustaining dietary issues. A few investigations have delivered the accompanying perceptions and speculations in regards to family impact. Anorexia is multiple times increasingly regular in individuals who have family members with the confusion, and a few specialists accept that hereditary components are the main driver of numerous instances of dietary problems. Hormonal variations from the norm are basic in dietary problems and remember synthetic irregularities for the thyroid, the regenerative districts, and regions identified with pressure, prosperity, and craving. Huge numbers of these synthetic changes are positively an aftereffect of lack of healthy sustenance or different parts of dietary issues, yet they likewise may assume a job in propagating or in any event, making vulnerability to the clutters. Likewise, the first reasons for the dietary problem are probably going to not be the components that prop it up. Frequently, consuming less calories is started with expectations of delivering changes that will cause the individual to feel better or as a method of adapting to negative feelings. We will compose a custom article test on Wellbeing and Social Care Level or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page So what begins as a method of showing discretion winds up controlling the individual. 6. Clarify the highlights and significance of GDA represents Guideline Daily Amount and is the suggested measure of explicit supplements a grown-up ought to expend every day, is a rule for a normal individual of a sound weight (I. e. somebody who isn't planning to lose or put on weight) and level of action. GDA rules are imprinted on food names to educate buyers regarding the sum fats; sugar, calories, protein, fiber, salt and sodium are specifically item. It causes individuals to comprehend the measure of soaked fats, fats, sugar, fiber, salt and so on. That is viewed as solid for a regular eating regimen, will assist you with assessing how a specific food fits into your every day feast plan and should assist you with dealing with your admission of calories and key supplements; sugars, fat, immerses (soaked fat) and salt. A people healthful prerequisites can change with sex, weight, movement levels and age, which means a few people may need to eat more and others less. Normally, men require somewhat a larger number of supplements than ladies except for salt and fiber. 6. 3 Explain why so much significance is put on eating five bits of products of the soil every day. Foods grown from the ground are a piece of a reasonable eating regimen and can assist us with remaining sound. That’s why it so significant that we get enough of them. Theyre a decent wellspring of nutrients and minerals, nutrient C and potassium. Theyre a superb wellspring of dietary fiber, which keeps up a sound gut and forestall stoppage and other absorption issues. An eating regimen high in fiber can likewise decrease your danger of gut malignant growth. They can help lessen the danger of coronary illness, stroke and a few malignancies. Foods grown from the ground add to a sound and adjusted eating routine. Products of the soil are additionally typically low in fat and calories (gave you don’t fry them or meal them in bunches of oil). That’s why eating them can assist you with keeping up a sound weight and keep your heart solid. They are comprised of water, which is additionally basic for the body and their skin and seeds contain a lot of fiber, which our body needs to help purify and free itself of waste and poisons. Fiber is expected to keep solid discharges normal, lower cholesterol, and forestall obstruction, inside disease and different sicknesses of the entrail and digestive system, for example, diverticulosis. Distinctive hued leafy foods contain various minerals, supplements and cancer prevention agents and along these lines it is suggested that we devour a wide assortment of products of the soil so as to get the advantages from the different kinds. For instance, dull green verdant vegetables, for example, watercress, cabbage or spinach contain certain carotenoids that secure, delay and may forestall the beginning of degenerative age-related eye sicknesses, for example, waterfalls or macular degeneration. They are additionally plentiful in nutrients C and E, which are both ground-breaking cancer prevention agents. This implies ating dull green vegetables every day could assist with shielding the body from creating destructive cells and from enduring coronary illness. 6. 4 Summarize the principle kinds of dietary problems, their side effects and difficulties. Anorexia Nervosa Anorexia is a condition that goes past worry about corpulence or crazy abstaining from excessive food intake. An in dividual with anorexia regularly at first starts eating less junk food to get thinner. After some time, the weight reduction turns into an indication of authority and control. The drive to become more slender is really optional to worries about control or potentially fears identifying with ones body. The individual proceeds the on-going pattern of prohibitive eating, frequently joined by different practices, for example, exorbitant practicing or the abuse of diet pills to prompt loss of craving, as well as diuretics, intestinal medicines, or bowel purges so as to diminish body weight, regularly to a point near starvation so as to feel a feeling of authority over their body. This cycle turns into a fixation and, along these lines, is like a compulsion. Anorexia can have perilous mental and social consequences for all parts of a people life and can influence other relatives also. The individual can turn out to be genuinely underweight, which can prompt despondency and social withdrawal. Rest can get upset and lead to weakness during the day. Consideration and focus can diminish. A large portion of the clinical intricacies of anorexia nervosa result from starvation. Hardly any organs are saved the dynamic disintegration achieved by anorexia, heart and circulatory framework, gastrointestinal difficulties are likewise connected with anorexia, stoppage and stomach torment are the most widely recognized indications, generally harm to the liver. Bulimia Also called bulimia nervosa, is a mental dietary issue, is portrayed by scenes of gorging followed by improper techniques for weight control (cleansing). Wrong strategies for weight control incorporate heaving, fasting, douches, over the top utilization of intestinal medicines and diuretics, or habitual working out. Unnecessary shape and weight concerns are likewise qualities of bulimia. A gorge is a scene where an individual eats an a lot bigger measure of food than the vast majority would in a comparable circumstance. The absolute most regular side effects of bulimia are eating wildly, Purging Strict abstaining from excessive food intake, fasting, and incredible, exercise, heaving or manhandling intestinal medicines or diuretics trying to get thinner, regurgitating blood, utilizing the restroom habitually after dinners, distraction with body weight Depression or emotional episodes. The absolute most normal inconveniences of bulimia are disintegration of tooth polish due to rehashed presentation to acidic gastric substance, dental pits, affectability to hot or cold food, growing and irritation in the salivary organs (from continued spewing).

Arrivals and departures: Essay

Meeting the child’s needs: Helping the youngster to have a sense of security and secure and to promise them that their parent will return for them. Concurrences with guardians : Share any dietary necessities , consent to any rest design , parent to be urged to build up their own takeoff routine . The support of youngsters: Child will realize where to hang coat , put possessions and were to go to start the day. School/pre-school runs: Meeting the child’s needs: Time to discuss the day ahead ,great planning routine to guarantee no hurrying Agreements with guardians: Take youngster to concurred school at concurred time The investment of kids: Encourage more established kids to be free and convey their own assets and to be composed Meal and bite time: Meeting the child’s needs: Ensuring the youngster knows about when to expect nibble times, have an essential cleanliness routine before nibble Agreements with guardians: Ensure guardians pass on data about dinners , when a kid needs to eat and what a kid ought to or shouldn’t eat at specific occasions. With babies , guarantee times of feeds are clear. The investment of youngsters: Children must have a reasonable cleanliness routine before eating , They should be clear about where supper and bite times will happen Sleep and rest: Meeting the child’s needs: Children will require a rest routine to guarantee they don't get over tierd Agreements with guardians: Ask guardians how much rest their kid will require , when their youngster should rest and how the kid likes to rest The interest of kids: Children ought to comprehend that rest time occurs at specific times for instance after lunch Play and exercises: Meeting the child’s needs: The kid realizes when play time will be and can anticipate when they will do play or activites Agreements with guardians: Any particular exercises the parent may require to happen , for instance a youngster to peruse their perusing book when showing up home from school. The cooperation of kids: Children need to know about key occasions when the time has come to stop play or exercises , clean time will be motioned by a specific bit of music or clamor for instance whistle or ringer Off site visit and open air exercises: Meeting the child’s needs: Ensuring kids are protected consistently Agreements with guardians: Agreeing with guardians where you will go with their youngster The cooperation of kids: Children must have explicit schedules for going across streets , being at little child gatherings or playing in the nursery to guarantee their security Home and night exercises for school matured kids: Meeting the child’s needs: Many youngsters are tierd and hungry toward the finish of a school day so a routine is expected to help let the kid rest and eat before any action Agreements with guardians: Parents need to advise childminder of any schoolwork they might want the kid to do while at the setting , for instance perusing books learning words The support of kids: Children will have a frim routine of assortment from school , snacks , calm time and schoolwork Adjusting schedules Great schedules help kids to know and expect and comprehend what will come straightaway, even youthful infants can fit into everyday schedules. It is critical to adjust schedules to suit the entirety of the youngsters in a setting. An appearance routine can be adaped for an infant, baby and school youngster . A parent and kid will show up at the setting they would then be able to pick a movement that is set out in the first part of the day , for instance lego for a young youngster, a homestead for a little child and noisey toys for infant. When youngster settled the parent and childminder can share data had to know and afterward the childminder assumes control over consideration imparting play to the kid. During nibble all youngsters and infants can sit together at the table and drink , children will require baby chairs and the right cups and so forth for their age . This will energize a social time for the entirety of the kids. rest schedules can be adjusted to suit all the individual needs, a few kids will require milk before bed others may require a story this could be shared and afterward kids urged to rest or this can be adjusted for calm time for more seasoned kids. Inviting and esteeming Youngsters that show up into my setting will be greeted wholeheartedly , they will be caused to feel totally at home, there will be natural items around to assist them with settling in. Every kid will have their own space to put their jacket and effects. The kids and guardians will be asked what exercises they like and what they like to do so day by day plans can be molded around all youngsters and their individual advantages , this will make a decent establishment for them to find new things together , it will likewise assist every kid with feeling esteemed to realize that im keen on them and what they like to do . View as multi-pages

Is my application complete COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Is my application complete COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog It is that time of year again when we receive calls and emails regarding application status with the same one liner, “is my application complete?” Here are some few easy steps to check your application status (after you have submitted) that will ease your stress and give you peace of mind while you wait for the ‘decision’. We will use Maggie Pittmans application as a reference â€" No worries, it’s a fabricated application that we created for this blog post. Step 1: Breathe. Now, let’s begin. Step 2: Log into your application.   Already removed the link from your bookmarks, no worries, click here.   The link will take you to this page (see below). Step 3:  Access your application status page.   Select Log in under Returning users and enter your application log in information. You will be directed to the page below. Click Fall 2014 and then click “open application” in the pop up window. Step 4: Check Application Status. You will be automatically directed to the “Application Status” page, which will indicate if any document(s) are missing. Our example below shows that there are recommendation letters missing (as indicated by the red x marks).   If the application is complete the v marks will be green: EXAMPLE 1: INCOMPLETE APPLICATION If you have missing documents, please submit as soon as possible. We will accept letters of recommendation and self-reported GRE/GMAT scores past the deadline, within reason, so that your application can be completed and forwarded to the Committee for review. However, we cannot guarantee materials received after the February 5th deadline will be reviewed.   If a recommendation letter is missing, it is usually fine and should not impact the decision if it is received a little later. EXAMPLE 2: COMPLETE APPLICATION If you do not have missing documents, take a deep breath and smile your application is complete and is being reviewed by the Admissions Committee as we speak. Step 5: Once your application is complete…do the happy dance!

ParkinsonS Disease, Also Known As Pd, Shaking Palsy, And

Parkinson s disease, also known as PD, shaking palsy, and paralysis agitans is an idiopathic neurodegenerative disorder; it rises from an unknown cause and increases in severity over time (Ronken). The disease was named after English physician James Parkinson, who first described it in 1817 (Weiner). PD can be defined as the degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra, which is the area of the brain that contains dopamine cells and regulates movement. As the degeneration of neurons occurs, the brain loses the ability to generate body movement, which leads to the characteristic symptoms of PD (Weiner). The disease affects approximately 10 million people worldwide and is currently incurable (Weiner). Therefore, scientists have been†¦show more content†¦These nonmotor or autonomic symptoms include depression, apathy, anxiety, sweating, sexual dysfunction, memory problems, sleep disturbances, bladder problems, and constipation (Weiner). Among these autonomic symptoms, depres sion is the most common psychiatric symptom in patients with PD since an individual s quality of life decreases and they soon are unable to care for themselves once their symptoms interfere with their everyday life (Tuite). Despite the fact that the cause of Parkinson s Disease remains unknown, the disease has been linked to aging and other genetic and environmental factors. PD is one of the most common causes of disability in the elderly and is usually diagnosed in the fifth or sixth decade (Ronken). However, 10% of cases are in individuals who are diagnosed before they re 40 years old, which is known as early onset Parkinson s (Tuite). And because the symptoms of PD become progressively worse as one ages and the chance of getting it increases as we age, scientists believe that aging is the biggest risk factor in PD (Ronken). Furthermore, scientists have been actively studying PD for decades now, and noteworthy results have been alluded to. Researchers have discovered that genetic factors alone do not play a role in Parkinson s Disease, but do play a role in rare cases of familial PD. Surveys have been done on both monozygotic and dizygotic twins to determine whether the disease was genetic or not. The surveys concludedShow MoreRelatedNeurological Disorder : Parkinson s Disease992 Words   |  4 PagesNeurological Disorder: Parkinson’s Disease One of the most commonly seen neurological disorders is Parkinson’s disease (PD). Named after the doctor who first identified the disease as â€Å"the shaking palsy† Dr James Parkinson (1755-1824), Parkinson’s disease affects over 1 million Americans today. On average around 60,000 Americans are diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease annually. This is an alarming number of new cases but what is even more startling is the fact that thousands of cases go undetectedRead MoreParkinson’S Disease. Abstract. Parkinson’S Disease Is A2430 Words   |  10 PagesParkinson’s Disease Abstract Parkinson’s Disease is a very common disorder these days. Over 10 million people live daily with Parkinson worldwide. Parkinson’s Disease was named after an English surgeon James Parkinson who wrote a detailed description essay called Shaking Palsy in 1817. The average age for Parkinson’s Disease is between 45 to 70 years old but you can also have juvenile or young onset as well. Most common symptoms of Parkinson are tremors, bradykinesia or akinesia, or rigidity orRead MoreA Brief Note On Parkinson s Disease And Its Effects On The Central Nervous System Essay1914 Words   |  8 Pagesmovement nearly impossible.As you try to brush your teeth, your hand keeps shaking. Getting into the shower, you brace yourself against the wall to keep from falling. Then you struggle putting on your clothes. Sitting at the table eating your breakfast, you begin to cough, sputter, and choke on what was an appetizing meal. The life of a person with Parkinson’s Disease is much more difficult than the life of a person without the disease. Everyday tasks seem grueling and unattainable. Scenarios, such asRead More Parkinsons Disease Essay1642 Words   |  7 PagesParkinsons Disease Parkinson’s Disease (PD), the shaking palsy first described by James Parkinson in 1817, is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder which affects in upwards of 1.5 million Americans. The disease begins to occur around age 40 and has incidence with patient age. One survey found that PD may affect 1% of the population over 60. Incidence seems to be more prominent in men, and tends to progress to incapacity and death over one or two decades. Clinical diagnosis of PD isRead MoreEssay on Parkinson Disease (PD)2171 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized mainly by physical and psychological disabilities. This disorder was named after James Parkinson, an English physician who first described it as shaking palsy in 1817 (Goetz, Factr, and Weiner, 2002). Jean- Martin Charcot, who was a French neurologist, then progressed and further refined the description of the disease and identified other clinical features of PD (Goetz, Factr, and Weiner, 2002). PD involves the lossRead MoreParkinson s Disease : A Common Neurological Disorder1157 Words   |  5 Pagesworld.† So says Roberto Garcia d orto in his description for Parkinson’s disease. This disease is a very common neurological disorder. Two centuries ago, James Parkinson was the first to describe the disease in detail. He published a monograph, â€Å"An Essay on the Shaking Palsy,† describing a neurological illness consisting of resting tremors and an odd form of progressive motor disabi lity, now known as Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s disease is associated with many challenges and complexities. The diagnosisRead MoreA Look At Parkinson s Disease2700 Words   |  11 PagesA look at Parkinson’s disease Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Two other names for PD are shaking palsy and Paralysis agitans. Parkinson’s disease is initiated when the cells in the brain that produce dopamine die over time. Dopamine is a brain chemical used by nerve cells that helps to control the body s muscle movement. Without those brain cells and the dopamine they produce, it becomes increasingly more difficult for the cells that controlRead MoreParkinson s Disease : Causes, Treatments, And Nursing Care2388 Words   |  10 Pages Parkinson’s Disease: Causes, Treatments, and Nursing Care Hannah Wilhelm Tompkins Cortland Community College Parkinson’s Disease: Causes, Treatments, and Nursing Care The World Health Organization projects that, by 2040, neurodegenerative diseases will become more common than cancer (Cashell, 2014). Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is widely listed as the second most common neurodegenerative disease (Wuong, 2012; Gillies et al., 2014; Cashell, 2014; Walker, Davidson, Gray, 2012). This disease, usuallyRead MoreEssay Parkinsons Disease3763 Words   |  16 PagesParkinsons Disease In 1817, James Parkinson published his famous treatise: An Essay on the Shaking Palsy, describing the symptoms which now collectively bear his name. Although many scientists before his time had described various aspects of motor dysfunction (ataxia, paralysis, tremor) Parkinson was the first to collect them into a common syndrome; one which he believed formed a distinctive condition. His sixty-six page essay contained five chapters describing symptoms, differential diagnosesRead MoreParkinson s Disease : A Progressive Neurodegenerative Movement Disease Essay6696 Words   |  27 PagesIntroduction The research problem Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative movement disease affecting approximately 1% of people at age 60. It is the most second most commonly occurring neurodegenerative disease in the elderly (after Alzheimer’s Disease). In PD patients, loss of dopamine-producing neurons results in a range of motor and non-motor symptoms. The prevalence of PD increases with age, and currently there is no cure, no means of slowing the disease progression, and no means

Comparing Phaedo and Ecclesiastes - 3040 Words

Separated by language, history and several hundred miles of the Mediterranean Sea, two of the worlds greatest cultures simultaneously matured and advanced in the centuries before the birth of Christianity. In the Aegean north, Hellenic Greeks blossomed around their crown jewel of Athens, while the eastern Holy City of Jerusalem witnessed the continued development of Hebrew tradition. Though they shared adjacent portions of the globe and of chronology, these two civilizations grew up around wholly different ideologies. The monotheistic devotion of Judaism that evolved in the Hebrew lands stood in stark contrast to the Greek worship of polytheistic Olympians, a religion that often tended more towards the rational and philosophic than†¦show more content†¦The notion that all things in the world take part in some perfect and incorruptible form, a focus of the Phaedo, is an idea attributed by modern scholars not to Socrates but to Plato himself. Ecclesiastes shows a similar remov al, for though it clearly speaks the words of Solomon (who predates the book by half a millenium), its actual author is unknown and is usually said to be the prophet Koheleth, son of David. Both works thus impersonate the philosophies of an esteemed ancient personage, but both clearly are impregnated by the thoughts of their authors. An examination of contextual similarities reveals that both texts clearly laud the value of wisdom. Koheleth says to have set [his] mind to study and to probe with wisdom all that happens under the sun (1:13) in much the same way that Socrates dedicates himself to a life of thought. Though Koheleth warns, as wisdom grows, vexation grows (1:18), he decides after exploring the alternatives that vexation is better than revelry(7:5) and that wisdom is more of a stronghold to a wise man than ten magnates that a city might contain (7:19). Socrates offers a similar explanation: there is no way to escape form evil or salvation for it except by becoming as good and wise as possible (107c-d). Clearly these two men, aged and at a pinnacle of wisdom from which they can view their prior follies,Show MoreRelated Eric Saties Socrate Essay3388 Words   |  14 Pagesquestioning of supposed masters of poetry, music, politics and other professions. He would show them how limited was their knowledg e of their respective crafts(7). A connection can be made here to Ecclesiastes, who asks: What gain has a man in return for all the labor in which he engages under the sun? Ecclesiastes proceeds to question every part of a man’s life, though at the end he arrives at the conclusion that a man should enjoy his labor and strive to do good deeds. But this process of questioning

French needs to be translated from English to French ASAP Free Essays

Indochine is the name of the film. The film takes place in the 1930s. (when Vietnam was owned by France) The film is historical, and very dramatic. We will write a custom essay sample on French needs to be translated from English to French ASAP or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are three maln people. There is a woman named Eliane Devries. There is a vietnamese girl named Camille. There Is a young man named Jean-Baptise. Ellane adopted Camille when Camille was very young. The film has a lot of themes. In my opinion the relationship with Elaine and Camille Is supposed to be symbolic of the relatlonshlp between France and French Indo-China. Also, at the core of this story is the theme of unity and oing things for the greater good. People who watch the film can see how individuals working as a unit can alter the course of history. Not only Is there an overall theme In the movie, but there are themes for each individual character. Madame Devries owns and operates a large rubber plantation In Indochina that employs many indentured laborers. Eliane is not married. Eliane raises Camille as her own daughter. She adopted Camille as a young child, after her parents were killed in a car crash. Eliane lives with her father. She sees herself as an Asian, born n her father’s estates, never having been to France, but the Vietnamese see her somewhat differently. Ellane considers Indo-chlna as much her home as It Is for the anonymous laborers who work on her plantation. She Is not cruel, but she is tough and treats the local workers like second class citizens. In my opnion the character of Madame Ellane Devries has three main themes. First, I feel like her character symbolizes the French colonialists through out the film. she a powerful woman. she also has power over tons of Vietnamese people. Her character is the most powerful one in the film. Second, I think that Eliane has a lot of weaknesses. She falls in love with the wrong man, Jean-Baptiste. He left the relationship because he was In love with her daughter. She also has an addiction to opium. Often seeking solace in somking a pipe. After doing research I learned the story behind her demeanure. he Is forsty and beautiful Ilke the statue of Marianne, the official symbol of the French Republic. This is also more proof in my theory of her representing How to cite French needs to be translated from English to French ASAP, Papers

Partnership Identifies the Implications for Management

Questions: Produce a report for management which outlines: 1. The pImplications for management and employees of the organisationsssible benefits and drawbacks of partnership agreements. (The possible benefits and drawbacks of partnership agreements. *Guidance use the recommended texts and articles to discuss the pros and cons of partnership agreements in general. It is noted that the Western literature may present argumentswhich differ from the lived reality in Singapore.). 2. Identifies the implications for management, recommends whether or not they should pursue this and advises them on the key requirements for success in practice (Identify the implications for management and make recommendations. *Guidance notes in this section you will be able to bring in the Singaporean context (Tripartite agreement)relating to employee relations.). Answers: Introduction Partnership working simply means working in groups over certain activities or responsibilities they are required to carry out. Through the concept of partnership working it is noticed that organisations and companies gains the capability of overcoming the different barriers and makes a step forward for the bringing stabilization in business a (Akukwe 2014). Partnership working also provides with a more consistent as well as comprehensive care for the different individuals working in the organisation. All informations based on the current topic have been presented section wise and in the first section a discussion on the partnership agreement in UK has been presented. In this section it has been stated that through partnership working the companies make certain amount of improvements over their current economic base and gradually becomes successful in the business competition. The agreement which is carried out between the two different business partners includes different form of own ership discussion and the level of profit and loss that would be experienced by the industry or the company. The characteristics of the different form of partnership agreement hs been outlined in this report and also the advantages and disadvantages have been highlighted. The modernized concept of partnership and the six most vital principles of partnership as stated by the Trade Union congress have been illustrated in this section. Background on the Partnership agreement in the UK A partnership agreement is actually a form of agreement generally done in business context which helps both the business organisations to set the terms and conditions of the different kinds of relationship that would be developed between two business partners so that they could carry out the business efficiently by sharing the different resources and requirements. Through partnership working it is basically noticed that business partners of two different companies or organisations structures certain terms and conditions for the relationship between the partners of the organisation (Effah 2014). The agreement carried out between the business partners includes the ownership as well as distributions of the profit and loss are also stated within the partnership agreement made. Predisposed forms of partnership agreement are often noticed to be liable until the varied necessities of statute partnership would be utilised. From the background on the partnership agreement in UK certain inform ation has been gathered on the basis that different partners wish to link themselves up in the different form of business they would intend to carry out. Certain terms and conditions that have been made on the basis of partnership agreement are basically noticed to set out the rules considering which the partners of the business needs to carry out different activities and supply resources. In consideration of the business partners who are basically involved in the partnership agreement process it is important for the business partners to have a receipt and possess certain level of sufficiency on both the business parties. Establishing partnership agreement of business in UK it has been noticed that rights and obligations to the business partners would be supplied under the perspective of common law that are applicable under the legislation of the country of United Kingdom. In perspective of the partnership agreement in UK, it is noticed that business partners do contribute a certain proportion to their existing capital contribution so that the amount could be resolved in any kinds of default that might occur in business. In UK it is noticed that liability under partnership agreement would be repaid with some percentage of interest that would further be determined with the limits of business acts The concept of partnership has changed with the change in time and business organisations have been noticed to add different extra features over partnership agreement. The different form of partnership agreement has been illustrated below:(Ehret et al 2013). General partnership agreement- a general form of partnership agreement is basically established between two different general business partners. In the general business partnership agreement it is noticed that both the business partners would be held liable for any kind of illegal business activities. Limited partnership- in the concept of limited partnership it is noticed that both the general partners and limited partners of the business organisations are highly involved in this kind of agreements. In perspective of the limited partnership agreements different partnership are noticed to carry out day to day business management oriented activities (Mujuru 2013). Limited liability partnership- the limited liability partnership is a form of agreement between the different limited and general business partners. Generally In the concept of limited liability the all business partners are liable to carry out limited business activities. Basically for the Energy company which has its business operation in the UK is estimated to follow the Limited liability partnership where one or many other people described as business partners are held responsible for different kinds of debts and well as different business obligations. Through the limited form of partnership the company is able to gain a certain percentage of their contribution to the partnership agreement for a lifetime and has also gained the capability to make perfect management of business. Through the limited partnership agreement the Energy Company of UK has now become applicable to handle all kinds of business amount that are still unpaid and make different commitment while taking part in different management activities (Akukwe, 2014). UK based case examples The Energy Company is a famous utility company which has its operation in the country of UK as well as in other countries from the past ten years. The Energy Company is mainly found to have implemented about sixteen thousand employees and has in total of three million customers also with an enhanced form of production aptitude around 5000 Mw. It also possesses a capacity of about 8000M in all its business overseas (Effah, 2014). The partnership agreement that was made in Generation business of 1995 was found that the company had to sign an agreement for performing specifically in only one division. Various characteristics of partnership Partnership in business are basically formed when different level of talents as well as varied knowledge of different working staffs and employees are brought up together to increase the capital in business. Different types of partnership agreements could offer various key success factors to the workplace depending in the flexibility and involvement of the business partners. In case of general partnerships business, partners equally share the organisational responsibilities in every different business aspect. Subsequently the workforce from both the partner organisations gains the opportunities for effective knowledge development and sharing due to sharing common workplace (Akukwe, 2014). It enhances the opportunities for the staffs of two different organisations to share their good practices and strategies with each other so that a better work efficiency could be gained and subsequently the productivity of the workplace also gets enhanced as well (Mujuru 2013). However, in case of limited partnership a business shares certain of its business aspects with another organisation for the better enhancement of the outcomes of that specific business context. Thus, in this type of partnership agreements the key success factor for the workplace is the effective care for weaker business segments due to the engagement of specialist partners in that specific business segment (Effah 2014). For example, a bigger retail industry organisation is not able to develop and manage its e-commerce and other online activities on their own and to maintain the efficiency of the online and ecommerce activities it is needed for the organisation to develop partnership with some software development organisation which is specialised for managing these types of technology dependent operations (Mujuru 2013). In case of limited liability partnership agreements partner organisations look after specific business aspects without interfering in each others responsibilities. Thus, in this type of partnership agreement the most significant key success factors for the workplace are less decision making conflicts and specific and specialised management efficiency by specific business partners. Thus, in this type of partnership agreements business partners take the responsibilities o the specific organisational aspects in which they are efficient. Subsequently, effective efficiency and outcomes from every different business segment and workplace could be gained due to relevant segmentation of the operations among the partners (Akukwe, 2014). The case study of the Energy Co. is a perfect example for the limited liability partnership agreement between Energy Co. and the combined authority of EMA, Amalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union, GMB and UNISON. In this partnership agreement Energy Company has taken the responsibility for operating the Alpha Plant through 90% of its own workforce. Thus, the other partners are only concerned about the outcomes from the plan and enhancement of the hazardous situations through privatizing the plant with Energy Co (Effah 2014). Thus, the partners will be less interfering in the working and management strategies of Energy Co. so that it could enhance the situation and outcomes based on its own efficiency and abilities. Thus, the key success factor for the workplace of the Alpha Plan is that a uniform and experienced management authority is running the operations rather that the conflicts for decision making among the previous multiple authorities. It is effective for the plant and s taffs at the workplace for giving more effective outcomes under the specialised guidance of the Energy Co (Akukwe, 2014). The different characteristics of partnership have been illustrated below: Joint input- partnership among different business partners would not exist is the different business partners would make a decision to withdraw themselves from supplying money through which the business industry would be able to make use of different expensive resources in making production (Effah, 2014). Difference in gain and failure- this is the most vital characteristics of the partnership concept and in order to make the employees and staffs make their business attain success they should make a share of the profit and loss experienced by the industry. Supplying assets for production- different types of business assets should be supplied so that industries do not experience any kind of scarcity while making production of different items. The assets and resources that should be supplied to the business industry should possess a juridical personality (Ehret et al 2013). Joint agency- all business partners possess the capability of making other business partners get involved over the express and implied authority of business industry. Limited time period- all form of partnership that might be in business context is estimated to be continued to a defined time period. It naturally gets dissolves when one of the business partners withdraws himself from the partnership agreements and incapability of one of the business partners to provide fund increases. Unlimited liability- all partners including the business partners are held totally liable for the different kinds of business debts and that the industry might experience due to partnership. In perspective of unlimited liability the concept of partnership dos get a chance in settling its obligations which would further be accomplished by making use of the different form of assets with high level of prejudice supplied to the different business creditors (Mujuru 2013). Advantages and disadvantages of partnership in the workplace The concept of partnership possesses certain level of advantages and disadvantages over business industries: Advantages: Involvement of partnership concept in business helps in increasing the financial capability of a company or a industry. for perfect level of partnership in business an exact mixing of the employees skills, and experience of the partners should also be considered so that the working staffs feel valuable and they should be allowed to take part in the different decision making process in order to increase the interest of the employees to work for the organisation (Akukwe 2014). The concept of partnership increases the personality trait and decreases the informal relations between the two business partners (Effah 2014). Disadvantages: The concept of partnership is very much easy to dissolve and is totally unstable in nature. Through partnership the business industries or organisations are not able to set up a mutual agency and limited liability which further creates a barrier in the process of establishing personal commitment between the two business partners (Ehret et al 2013). The managers of the trade union congress have stated that efficient form of workplace partnership would only be established by a company or an organisation when the business relationship between the different workers and staff of the company would be totally based on trust and it could be delivered through strong, independent unions who are mainly responsible to represent the work culture of the organisation (Ehret, 2013). The six principle of partnership as stated by TUC (Trade Union Congress) has been illustrated below: The first and most vital principle as stated by the TUC (trade Union Congress) is to make joint commitment for achieving more amount of business success. For achieving business success it is extremely important for business organisations to make certain level of commitment like the business staffs and employees needs to work hard so that they could accept hard challenges in proving their capabilities and overcome the fear so that the business staffs could be motivated and the organisation would be able to efficiently meet their business goals (Mujuru, 2013). Secondly it would be important to let the business unions and working employers get to know each other so that a level of cooperation in working could be established and increase in production level would be experienced by the staffs. When the staffs and employees establish legitimate interest an atmosphere of trust is noticed to get develop within the organisation and all the staffs would freely share their thoughts and ideas (Akukwe 2014). The third most important principle is the level of commitment made by the staffs and employees for employee security. Employee security is essential for all organisations to make an increase in their production level and high level of employee security would establish a secure environment for workers to stay in such working environment. With increased level of employee security the organisation would get to experience more mount of job seekers through which the production level would get increase and the organisation would make an improvement in its financial base (Effah 2014). The fourth principle of partnership is to create concern over the quality of work life. Several scholars of work life have suggested that quality of work life is mainly linked with different form of association and satisfaction of the staffs and working employees in relation to wages provided to them, the time period of working in the organisation and the environment within which the staffs and employees needs to work (Ehret, et al 2013). The next vital principle is the level of transparency and information sharing capability. Transparency is very much vital for all business organisations and companies. Transparency in communication makes all the staffs and employees communicate with each other and create discussion over different activities which would lead the business to success (Mujuru, 2013). The last vital principle of the partnership includes the concept of making certain level of improvements over business performances. Making improvements in business performance would help in increasing the productivity of the organisation and make the organisation meet certain challenges. Also improvements in business performance would help in making more production and make the company capable in decreasing the employee turnover rate. Limitation in partnership agreement in the workplace Various limitations in partnership that are being experienced by the organisation include: Problem in withdrawing the investment amount- Investing an amount in business in estimated to be very simple task and in comparison to that withdrawing the input amount is that much difficult. This is because a business partner if wishes to withdraw himself from partnership in business he could not do so unless a decision is received in that context from the other business partners (Mujuru, 2013). The standard form of limitations in perspective of the partnership agreement within workplace in UK is like imposing certain level of restrictions over the former employees who had been working in that particular industry in perspective of the similar employment over the other competitors of the organisation. Lack of public confidence- partnership in business might suffer a lack of public confidence and often it is noticed that business organisations or industries does not possess any form of legal mechanisms in order to reinforce the vital tools that business industry would likely to make use of. Disclosing the different forms of business affairs is one of the major forms of limitations in partnership. Limited resources- the concept of partnership could be started by making use of limited resources of business but with time the business industry requires more amount of resources so that the business could be expanded and the capital base of the organisation would be increased (Akukwe, 2014). Limitation in resources is actually the outcomes of personal properties of the different business partners involved in the business activities. Uncertainty in duration of partnership- the concept of partnership does not follow a perfect concept and it could be resolved at any time. Thus uncertainty leads to serious confusion and the organisation might have to experience significant loss. In legal concept partnership should be resolved when one person wishes to withdraw himself from the bond of partnership, or due to the death of one business partner. A case study of Singapore oriented Business Company The Singapore food industries was basically found to start its business in the year 1973 and slowly it has now become one of the most famous food industries by making its business presence in the countries of UK, China and even in Australia. The company currently posses an employment structure of about , 2200 employees in Singapore and even in the overseas countries where it has its business. Among the total, about 1, 150 employees are working in the industry of Singapore (Effah 2014). The Singapore food industry (SFI) is mainly noticed to have a flexible wage system and the company has been noticed to follow certain HCM practices which helped the company to handle the different adverse form of events that took place within the last few years and which has resulted in the cutting down of wages of the staffs and employees (Ehret et al 2013). The Singapore food industry is mainly estimated to work on the belief that low competitive base of the industry would make the employers of the o rganisation more viable in nature. Singapore food industry later introduced a MVC in order to make improvements in its wage structure and for overcoming the business downturns. Recommendations for partnership agreements The employees needs should be taken into account and they should be supplied with a good level of compensation for the purpose of encouraging more amount of income in their job career. A flexible as well as a competition oriented wage system should be supplied to the working staffs and employees of the organisation as per the hard work carried out by them (Mujuru 2013). For a more flexible and competitive wage system it would be important for the company to make its employers work in cooperation and continuously update their existing skills and capabilities to work in the organisation (Akukwe 214). The employers of the company should be allowed to make a perfect structure on the compensation system so that they could get the chance to enjoy basic form of regular income. For an effective workplace partnership the organisation should be highly responsible in developing a competitive environment with increased demand over production and in such situation the workplace place partnership would get more develop, but it also should be ensured that the resources required if limited would lead to a breakdown of the partnership. Generally on the basis of type of work the concept of partnership is formed within the workplace environment, in order to discuss on how the production would be carried out. Business conditions are an ever changing process and the management of the company should provide with certain form of priorities so that crisis could be managed from beforehand and the image of the industry could be retained. In the current era of globalisation and current advanced stage of technological development within the business sectors flexibility in the wage system has become totally common. This system is actually estimated as the system which supplies with better form of opportunities so that the business managers would be able to reward the employees on the basis of activities being carried out by them. The annual variable component is actually made up of the total wage supplement and with other form of annual bonus at most of time it is noticed that 20% o the annual wage 1-3 months salary of the employees are being supplied within this. This component is estimated to create a relationship between the company and the individual performance. The monthly wage restructuring is actually the total among the percentage of the employees whole salary that is received by the individuals. As per the government of UK it has been noticed that the month wage restructure is only for about 10 percent of the whole salary being received. This component allows for cost management estimation that helps in saving jobs. The flexi work scheme is actually the flexibility supplied within the work schedule to the employees of the organisation and freeness for the employees or the staffs of the company to choose on when they would intend to carry out their activities and within a bandwidth of the period settled by the employers of the industry itself. But in the competitive work environment the resources utilised are estimated to very limited in amount. A flexible working scheme would be established when a short working week would be implemented with a temporary layoff and flexible working arrangements. Also it could be established by making use of different variable components. Different skills redevelopment programs Skills redevelopment programs are actually estimated as the vital components for hiring and retaining the existing employees of the organisations or the industry. The different skills redevelopment programs include: Apprenticeship tax credit training- this a refundable form of tax credit training which mainly helps the business industries and organisations to implement different apprenticeship skill oriented employees. This program is basically being administered through the federal income tax system of the United Kingdom (Effah, 2014). Labor market agreement program- this is a kind of program where the government of the country is noticed to enable the different business industries make sufficient delivery of the management skills of the employees for several unemployed individuals. Basically this program is carried out for individuals who are eligible for the employment insurance benefits. Important tools and resources oriented programs- The administration of the literary as well as essential skills have been noticed to make developments of different skills and tools for more learning and supply of training to the employees of the organisations (Ehret, et al 2013). The skills programme for upgrading and redevelopment is high essential for organisations because it helps the employees learn on how to manage several form of financial downturn that might be experienced by the industry and also receives the opportunity to gain new capabilities in seizing opportunities that would help in bringing developments in business. SPUR is helpful for companies as it helps in reducing the existing level of unemployment and manage high level of manpower that might bring up risk. Implications for management and employees of the organisations For perfect management of the organisation it is important to carry out partnership working and it should be ensured that a cooperation among the business partners exist so that one of the business partner does not feel to withdraw himself from the partnership agreement (Mujuru 2013). It also should be ensured that the employees would be allowed to take part in the decision making process in order to make them feel valuable. Implications Certain implication that has been made has been illustrated below: The success level of the partnership agreement context has been considered viable and has also been estimated to depend largely on the high level of union density by considering the opinions of the employees of the business industry. The arrangement for partnership agreements would continue till the time when the changes over the management programmes would be implemented within the working practise of the different employees in the industry or organisations. A perfect approach should be put into practice in order to make changes in the partnership agreement that would be made. Mutual gains would not be easily established through partnership agreements made. The business unions who are noticed to have got engaged in the partnership agreement are often noticed to experience certain level of criticism over the unrealistic expectations that they possess. As per the tripartite agreement in context of employee relation it is important to develop certain forms of pious sacrifice and develop leadership concepts so that the management could look into the various form of activities carried on by the employees of the organisation and also it would be important to establish close form of consultancy along with transparency in communication because transparency would help in resolving serious conflicts that makes the industry experience high level of business risks. Conclusion Partnership agreement is very much vital for all business companies to retain their business in the competitive market and n order to make partnership agreements it is important for the business leaders to abide by the different advantages and disadvantages of the partnership agreements so that they might not have to experience serious risks when running the business (Akukwe 2014). The working employees and staffs should be allowed with flexibility in to work in the organisation and even training programs should be organised in order to help the employees develop their existing skills. References Akukwe, G. A. (2014). Private Sector Engagement in Education: Conflict-affected and Fragile Contexts. Effah, J. (2014). Formation and Failure of an E-Marketplace Pioneer in a Developing Country. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 61. Ehret, M., Kashyap, V., Wirtz, J. (2013). Business models: Impact on business markets and opportunities for marketing research. Industrial Marketing Management, 42(5), 649-655. Mujuru, T. A. (2013). Realising partnership needs: a grounded theory of mobile banking service providers in Zimbabwe (Doctoral dissertation, University of Cape Town).

The World’s Wife Essay Example

The World’s Wife Paper By subverting male dominance in â€Å"The World’s Wife†, Duffy challenges gender conventions and ultimately transcends them, however women are still trapped by predetermined societal constructs. In this presentation, attack will be defined as the assertion of power over someone and in the world’s wife, it shall be defined as the subversion of male dominance by the female. Transgression will be defined as going beyond what society deems as conventional/normal. Therefore I will be focusing on the ways in which Duffy establishes female dominance and how she ultimately transcends gender conventions. Battle of the sexes? We will write a custom essay sample on The World’s Wife specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The World’s Wife specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The World’s Wife specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It is important to differentiate sex and gender. Provisionally: ‘sex’ denotes human females and males depending on biological features ‘gender’ denotes women and men depending on social factors. Feminism seeks to overcome/challenge the conventional socially constructed notions of ‘gender’. One way to do this is to assert the female’s dominance over men, which is seen in â€Å"The World’s Wife†. In this presentation, I’ll be looking focusing on 3 poems, Delilah, Circe and Mrs Beast and I will explore 1. The assertion of the female literary voice. 2. Male dominance subverted by female violence. 3. The reversal of gender roles 4. Women cannot completely remove themselves from societal constructs 1. Duffy asserts the female literary voice in order to establish female dominance. Conventionally, throughout history, males have dominated the literary cannon and women have been absent to a great extent from historical representations. However, in â€Å"The World’s Wife†, the title already hints at the main perspective of the collection and with the assembly of poems, of which each contains certain experiences made by women, it creates an atmosphere of a female gathering. This creation of a female space is a reversal of conventional gender constructions in which the male voice dominates the literary cannon. Within â€Å"The World’s Wife†, Duffy moves away from the gender convention of males dominating the literary voice. DELILAH In the poem, â€Å"Delilah†, which is a retelling of the biblical story of Samson, an unrivalled hero of Israel famed for his strength which was attributed to his long mane of hair and his lover Delilah who, when offered payment by his enemies, cut off Samsons hair while he slept, severing the source of his power. In this poem: Samson asks Delilah to ‘teach him how to care’ and as a result, she cuts off his hair to remove his strength in order to allow him to feel emotions. Delilah questions Samson and adopts an imperative tone, Tell me more indicating the power she has over him, she seems to be dominating over him and this foreshadows the ending. Furthermore Duffy uses â€Å"I† and â€Å"Me†, indicating that Delilah has now taken charge of the way the poem is being told. The final imperative and concluding dash Put your hand here - marks the transition back to Delilahs point of view, he guided my fingers. further emphasizing how she holds the power over the way the story progresses. Moreover, she also claims responsibility for her actions, actively asserting herself as the one who has done the deed to Samson, she is the dominant voice in the poem. MRS BEAST The female literary dominance is also extended to Mrs Beast which is a retelling of the classic Beauty and the Beast story in which a beautiful human girl is forced to live with a beast and they eventually fall in love. Mrs Beast showcases a different relationship in which the female actively seeks out the beast. Females have taken on an assertive role in their relationship with males. This is seen through her assertion of her literary voice as the poem is told through her perspective. Throughout the poem, the female voice is harsh and blunt, demonstrating her apparent strength and rejection of the stereotypically weak nature associated with females. For example, I should know, theyre bastards when theyre princes establishes her confrontational attitude towards men. Additionally, in â€Å"I had the language girls†, she addresses the female gender as one collective unit. This makes it sound as if she is preparing an army for a battle for those lost to the suffocation of the mal e species. It further shows how Duffy establishes the female as possessing the language and thus establishes them within the literary cannon. CIRCE This is also seen in â€Å"Circe† who is able to transform her enemies, or those who offended her, into animals. She addresses a female audience and is thus in a position of power and she actively dominates the voice within the poem, â€Å"I’m familiar†, â€Å"I’ve stood† and â€Å"I want† are all phrases of assertion and dominance. -Therefore, through the assertion of the dominating female literary voice, Duffy successfully transcends gender conventions. THROUGH THE USE OF AGGRESSION EMPLOYED BY WOMEN, DUFFY FURTHER TRANSCENDS THE GENDER CONVENTIONS AND ASSERTS FEMALE DOMINANCE. In DELILAH, the cutting of hair can be seen as an dominating and aggressive act as she is literally physically stripping Samson away of his power/strength/which had made him valuable to mankind, Furthermore, this aggressive act is reinforced by Delilahs premeditation is emphasized by the syntax: I let†¦And before I . . . I fastened the chain to the door and the rhyme of floor and door. Indicates she has planned to and knowingly carries out the seemingly violent act on Samson. â€Å"Circe† displays a more brutal sense of hostility towards the men and the idea of taking aggressive action against them is conveyed. The venomous tone in â€Å"all of them†¦with those piggy eyes† generalizes that all men are the same and deserve to be punished this way. Thus, there is a strong sense of hatred towards men where girls are encouraged to fight back. Furthermore, â€Å"boiled†, â€Å"scraped† and â€Å"mash† are violent images that suggest brutally punishing men. Circe is also described as taking the pig’s ‘sweetmeats slipped from the slit, bulging, vulnerable bag of balls.† This aggressiveness strengthens the superiority of the female voice and subverts existing male power. Moreover, in the last stanza, she makes an effort to threaten and display aggression by wanting to â€Å"baste that sizzling pig on the spit once again†. This vicious display of aggressively cooking the men shows how she refuses to return to her naà ¯ve self who had once â€Å"hoped for men†. Mrs Beast continues to consciously reverse gender roles in order to overthrow male dominance. Hence, She is in complete control over the Beast and pulls the strings in their relationship. Duffy further strips the male of his power by portraying the female in a dominant position in their sexual relationship. For example, â€Å"The lady says that’s not what I meant† undermines the Beast’s sexual performance, and we see her forcibly ordering him around. In fact, ensuring she is sexually fulfilled is the priority, not the desires of the beast. â€Å"The pig in my bed was invited† emphasizes that it is a privilege for the Beast that she has allowed him to be in her presence, reinforcing his subordinate position next to her. â€Å"The Beast kept out of sight,† tells us that he had to give her space when required, but still had to serve them at the poker game. He has become her servant, obeying every command and she controls when she wants him near her or not. Hence, she adopts this active role to overturn male dominance by belittling him –– an act of aggression as she forcibly takes action to oppress him. We can see that female dominance is established through transgressing gender conventions. Duffy establishes conventional gender roles within â€Å"Delilah† in order to actively move away from them. The poem begins with an imperative, Teach me, reflecting Samsons strong, dominant character. The second stanza depicts Samson speaking directly, in first person; the tone is boastful and the language violent rip, roar, fire, and flay. Samson relates his accomplishments in declaratives: Theres nothing I fear. His speech emphasizes his dominant and strong personality, conventional traits of the masculine gender. Delilah, in turn, nibbled the purse of his ear an allusion to the biblical account in which Delilah is paid by each of Samsons enemies which alludes to her materialistic attitude and reflects her reputation as a prostitute, all of which are conventions to the female gender. -In the poem, Duffy transgresses gender conventions and through that, begins to establish Delilah’s dominance over Samson. Duffy deconstructs the gender convention of male strength and power. She let him slip and slide and sprawl to the floor suggesting an air of weakness within Samson and request that Delilah teach him how to care suggests that he desires emotional intimacy, which undermines his masculine identity. He laments I cannot be gentle, or loving, or tender. The tripling of modifiers connotes femininity and intimacy, attributes not associated with warriors, again undermining his masculine identity. By contrast, afterwards he lay with his head on my lap, a gesture both childlike, intimate and trusting, it further enforces the power Delilah has over him in the relationship. She also says My warrior, of which is a rather possessive tone, again reversing the conventional roles of which women seem to be possessed by men. The line I have to be strong suggests that Samson feels he has no choice, a reflection of how the perception of specific gender roles are so deeply rooted within society and the interrogative What is the cure? implies that he sees his condition as a sickness, which could represent Duffy’s view of masculine dominance as a disease. The end focus on the question reflects the changing balance of power between the couple as he now questions her. The line snipping first at the black and biblical air is very knowing as well as cutting her lovers hair, the speaker is attempting to shred her reputation as a femme fatale, which originated in the biblical account. She actively tries to reverse the conventional role placed upon her by society. CIRCE Duffy first establishes conventional gender roles. She compares men to pigs, implying that they are lazy and in the case of â€Å"the tusker†, aggressive, and women should therefore take action against such unruliness. Furthermore, she also points out the male’s skill to deceive women, â€Å"to lick, to lap, to loosen, lubricate, to lie.† And the very fact that Circe is instructing the women around her on how to cook pigs, Duffy places her in a domestic setting, traditionally reserved for women. However, the dominance of the female is particularly evident in this poem. She is putting them on a lower level in comparison to her. For instance, â€Å"all pigs have been mine – under my thumb† reinforces her domineering role over them. Also, the poem is structured in the form of a recipe for cooking men. This shows how men have become a consumable commodity to her and are of lesser importance. MRS BEAST The idea of dominance is also prevalent in Mrs Beast, she is also the one who holds the real power, and her relationship with the beast is that of a dominatrix to a subservient male. Female empowerment is of intrinsic quality to Mrs Beast, especially when the poem opens with the listing of females, ascending in terms of empowerment, â€Å"Helen’s Face, Cleopatra’s, Queen of Sheba’s, Juliet’s †. Furthermore, the reverse is also seen in the line, â€Å"And if his snout and trotters fouled my damask sheets†¦he’d wash them. Twice†, here Duffy has placed the male beast into a domestic role, a position traditionally reserved for women. This maintenance of power over men is a conscious effort, from the line from Mrs Beast, â€Å"Let the less-loving one be me†, because she forces herself to be less loving, as part of a rather feminist vow to never be trampled on by men. Furthermore, the line also seems to be mocking the lack of mal e emotional attachment. The Beast also seems to have accepted his submissive role in their relationship, as he would â€Å"pick my nose, if I wanted that†. Mrs Beast continues to consciously reverse gender roles in order to overthrow male dominance. However, despite the transgressions of and the attempt to move away from conventional gender roles, Duffy also takes into account that women cannot be completely free from society’s traditional shackles that bind them. Delilah The very notion of Samson being a masculine symbol of power and strength but yet still being able to desire to be emotionally vulnerable indicates a mix of the two gender conventions. Even Delilah herself, Then with deliberate, passionate hands/ I cut every lock of his hair†. Although she is ready to carry out this aggressive act which will assert her dominance over Samson, she does not allow herself to be completely removed from the act, instead her emotions have seemingly taken over, through the word â€Å"passionate†. She does not completely deviate from female gender conventions by asserting her dominance; instead there is evidence of feminine emotional vulnerability. Through Delilah, Duffy hints at the weakness of emotion; a traditional female trait, but she still asserts the female’s dominance by having her deconstruct masculine power, transgressing gender conventions. Circe However, in Circe, in the midst of describing her culinary attack on men, she slips into a state of emotional vulnerability and recalls a time when she was young and ‘hoping for men’. This indicates that despite the dominant and aggressive role Circe seems to take on, she is still prone to emotional weakness, a conventional female trait. MRS BEAST However, it seems that there can be no complete role reversal, instead, by asserting dominance over men, she seems to have taken on the traits commonly associated with the male gender, Furthermore, it seems as though Mrs Beast cannot be entirely independent, instead she actively seeks out a male presence and is satisfied co-existing with the Beast. Therefore, we can see that although Duffy seeks to establish female dominance through moving away from conventional gender roles within the poems, she also shows that these roles are so deeply rooted within society and it is impossible for the female voice to be completely removed from such stereotypes. Conclusion In conclusion, Duffy challenges male power and the notion of male dominance in society by consciously asserting the female gender in The World’s Wife. Duffy establishes various ways of transgressing gender roles like through the establishment of the female literary voice and the aggressive actions taken by them, they result in the subversion of male dominance and power. Although Duffy tries to move past gender constructs, she still showcases that such societal notions are inevitable and women in â€Å"The World’s Wife† are unable to completely remove themselves from such structures.

Definition and Examples of Cue Phrases in English

Definition and Examples of Cue Phrases in English A connective expression (such as now, meanwhile, anyway, or on the other hand) that links spans of discourse and signals semantic relations in a text. Examples and Observations Within a discourse segment, the discourse coherence relations among the situations are often implicit and involve such notions as cause, consequence, claim, reason, argument, elaboration, enumeration, before, and after. . . . On the other hand, many transitions within a discourse structure, especially changes and transitions from one segment to another, are often made overt through the use of clue word or cue phrase expressions that provide information at the discourse level. These expressions include incidentally, for example, anyway, by the way, furthermore, first, second, then, now, thus, moreover, therefore, hence, lastly, finally, in summary, and on the other hand.(James E. Hoard, Linguistics and Natural Language Processing. Using Computers in Linguistics: A Practical Guide, ed. by John Lawler and Helen Aristar Dry. Routledge, 1998)Once upon a time, there was this boy, and he knew this beautiful woman. Its not you, though. Well, the beautiful woman tells this boy that she has th is secret wish, and her wish is that she wants this guy to really like her. So, anyway, the boy makes this huge, personal sacrifice and he gives his wish away.(Paul Reubens as Pee-Wee Herman, The Pee-Wee Herman Show, 1981) Yeah, well, House is straightforward, brilliant and an ass. . . . Whereas you, on the other hand, have a perfect score. You are responsible, nice, human. And yet, youre Houses best friend.(Mira Sorvino as Dr. Kate Milton in Frozen. House M.D., 2008)My mom adopted [Titembay] from Sally Struthers, like, years ago. You know, one of those for the cost of a cup of coffee a day sort of things. Where shes like, How can you just sit there and not help the children? And we couldnt. We couldnt just sit there and not help the children. So we started sending him pictures and letters and stuff for years, but then I got really into ice skating so we sort of forgot about him. Then one day we get this phone call and its Titembay and hes at the dry cleaners around the corner.(Natalie Portman as Sam in Garden State, 2004)[I]n natural language the connections between enunciations . . . can be signaled by morphemes, that is, cue phrases. Cue phrases express abstract concepts in themselves, that is, they express the concept corresponding to the specific relation that they signify. For instance, the cue phrase because between the enunciations I missed the bus and I left home late expresses a concept of causality, that is, the coherence relation holding between the two spans of text. Obviously, the relation would hold and the concept of causality could still be inferred even if the construction was paratactic, that is, even if the cue phrase because was not there. However, the point is that natural language is capable of directly indicating an abstract concept like causality, entirely independently from the content of the related text spans.(Clara Mancini, Cinematic Hypertext. IOS Press, 2005) Also Known As: clue word

Critiquing Historical Analysis of Classmate - Subject- Atomic Bomb Assignment

Critiquing Historical Analysis of Classmate - Subject- Atomic Bomb - Assignment Example The reviewer claims that the idea of the atomic bomb came to existence during WWII. This was after President Roosevelt suggested that it was only through it that the nation would achieve victory against its enemies (Truman, 2014). According to the reviewer, the atomic bomb incident is still controversial to date. This is evident by the large number of Non-western as well as European historians who are still trying to analyze the atomic bomb issue. Since this is a historiography, the reviewer starts of by defining the term. According to studies, the term historiography normally refers to the analyzing of the history behind the history of an event. The reviewer organized the work in a chronological order, hence making it easy to comprehend the entire topic. This is because after stating that she would analyze the work of four historians, in the following paragraphs, she talks of different authors in relation to their perceptions as far as the issue of the atomic bomb is concerned. First, the reviewer talks about Kayoko Yoshida’s article, From Atomic Fragments to Memories of the Trinity Bomb: A Bridge of Oral History over the Pacific. Kayoko, apart from exploring the meaning behind trans-media, he also analyses the transnational collaborations behind the atomic bomb (Yoshida, 2003). In a move to get firsthand information concerning the issue of the atomic bomb, apart from interviewing documentary makers, he also involves his students; this was in a move to get different perceptions on how the Japanese community viewed the atomic bomb issue. The reason as to why Kayako involves a number of sources in his analysis is due t o the perception that historians ought to have solid evidence in order to support their claims. In his article, apart from addressing a filmmaker whose objective is to relive the history, he also claims that many Japanese students in the current generation have no clue whatsoever on the reason behind the

Should Women Who Commit Murder Be Treated More Leniently Research Paper

Should Women Who Commit Murder Be Treated More Leniently - Research Paper Example The treatment and sentencing of women who commit murders have been discussed thoroughly by different theorists and sociologists.   The work of Nagel and Weitzman in 1971 has since established that women seem to receive preferential treatment in their sentencing (Rodriguez, Curry, & Lee, 2006).   The chivalry and focal concerns theories are two of the main theories which have sought to explain this pattern of social behavior.   The chivalry theory was first seen in the 1970s and is mainly based on the cultural stereotypes related to gender.   In this case, this theory sets forth that women are fickle and childlike and therefore are not responsible for their criminal activities (Rodriguez, Curry, & Lee, 2006).   Women should, therefore, be protected by the men who should do everything in their power to reduce the pain and suffering that these women experience.   In effect, this theory â€Å"suggests that society desires to treat women more leniently than men† (Heberl e, 1999, p. 1107).   This hesitation based on this theory refers to its reasons for women’s status as mothers and vulnerable figures sexually. The focal concerns theory is yet another theory which sought to explain the seemingly preferential treatment of female criminals.   This theory sets forth that due to the limited time that judges have on their cases, they often do not receive sufficient information on defendants and their cases.   Consequently, in the course of their adjudication, their personal opinions and preferences can often significantly impact on the way they render sentences on defendants (Rodriguez, Curry, & Lee, 2007).   In the end, these judges sometimes end up crediting attributes about a defendant’s liability and recidivism based on blameworthiness, dangerousness and practical constraints (Rodriguez, Curry, & Lee, 2007).   In the process, they also end up crediting certain gender-based qualities to the offenders.   They would likely view women to be less of a risk to the community and less likely to be a recidivist; and they would likely view male offenders to be at fault and therefore, more responsible for their crimes (Rodriguez, Curry, & Lee, 2007).   This theory also sets forth that men are more capable of doing their time in prison as compared to females.  

Employee retention methods in fast food

Employee retention methods in fast food This paper discusses employee retention methods that are used in the fast food industry, where the majority of employees are under 21 and in full time education. There are several large players that compete for these potential employees, this paper focuses on McDonalds. This paper concludes that McDonalds retention strategies are successful in some of their branches, although this level of retention is not uniform across the whole organisation. Therefore their strategies require closer monitoring, to successfully implement them. 2.0 Introduction The human resource is increasingly viewed as being the most important resource in contributing to an organisations overall success in achieving corporate goals. Therefore human resource management is a vital component of the strategic decision making. Managing human resources comprises a range of issues such as recruitment and retention, employee development, reward schemes and promoting good relations. The first process is recruitment, to employ suitably qualified employees to contribute to the achievement of the corporate goals, in an efficient and cost-effective manner. The important factor after recruitment is ensuring the right employees are trained and retained. This has both external and internal forces which can affect the retention rate of an organisation. There is a direct link between corporate strategy and people management, and the policy of strategic recruitment and retention. The fast food industry has historically been viewed as low-skilled and low paid work leading to a high rate of employee turnover. The fast food giant Mc Donalds has improved their pay and career prospects, this policy is aimed at both recruitment and retention of employees. The changing UK labour market has seen a higher educated workforce with individuals concerns of career development. Fast food organisations have had to adapt their HR strategies in order to compete in new global and national contexts effectively. This paper will investigate the features of recruitment and retention strategies by McDonalds; as a response to the new challenges. Globalisation has led to the rapid expansion of multinational fast food companies, for example McDonalds and KFC have entered the UK market. The integrated and interdependent global marketplace has led to fierce competition between fast food firms. Therefore multinational fast food companies should balance the various interests, needs, preferences and external conditions when implementing their HR strategies. Identifying these relevant factors is an important element of assessing the effectiveness of retention strategies. McDonalds has expanded rapidly into new markets, these have challenged the organisations HR strategies. Each new country brings cultural and employment legislation differences from the home country. All these issues must be addressed before the expansion takes place. The organisation trades on standardisation of their products. Whichever restaurant anywhere in the world that a customer visits the product and the service will be uniform. This has been referred to as McDonaldlisation; therefore all employees are trained to give the expected service no matter what the location. This training is a vital component of McDonalds global HR Strategy. This is used as a tool for employee retention; although other methods such as reward and recognition are used. This paper will discuss all the relevant issues surrounding the topic of employee retention in the fast food industry, focusing on McDonalds. 2.1 Aims and objectives This research aims to examine and evaluate McDonalds employee retention policies such as employee development programs and reward schemes. It will discuss how the organisation has responded to the challenges. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The first objective of this work is to identify and explore the main challenges faced by retention strategies for employees in general, and focus on the fast food industry. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The second objective of this work is to examine specific retention strategies exploited by a fast food company This will examined how they compete for staff within the UK labour market with other fast food companies. The principal outcomes of this research will be an assessment of the effectiveness of McDonalds employee retention schemes from the perspectives of those directly involved in the implementation of these schemes. Additional outcomes of the research include a detailed overview of general trends within the industry in relation to employee retention and development and a comparative analysis of McDonalds policies in relation. 3.0 Methodology This chapter discusses the research methods used for the project and the rationale for their choice. It discusses methods that were not used, with justification of why they were not included. Included is a critique of methods selected, and with hindsight identifies any changes that would have enhanced the research. This paper critically evaluates the retention methods used by McDonalds in their restaurants. McDonalds was selected as being the industry leader in its strategies for both marketing and the attracting and retaining of staff. A case study approach was chosen to link the theory with research; this can generate rich amounts of data relevant to particular organisational contexts. From the case study questions were generated to be used in further primary research (Yin, R 1994). Selection of the topic was stimulated and formed out of increased publicity on the practices of HR that McDonalds utilise. The nature of the research was discussed with colleagues and fellow students this not only added practical ideas and suggestions, it opened new avenues of thought. This was the discussed with lecturers sounding out ideas, gauging opinions and clarifying the question. Focusing in on the question was obtained by employing relevance trees, narrowing the research area. This gave direction to the research, although with reviewing the literature this changed several times (Buzan, J. 1995). Next, a research proposal was compiled, with the benefit of organising ideas and setting a time-scale for research. Theoretically, the proposal would highlight any difficulties with the research question and access to data. Creating a time-scale would focus on targets and meet deadlines in the completion of the paper. The literature review, discussing theories and ideas that exist on the topic formed the foundation of the paper. The findings from the research are then tested on theories for validity (Saunders, M. et al 1997). The literature review was challenging, there is very little academic research on the topic area. Most of the literature focuses on operational issues, although a few focused on HR policies. There are a lot of articles in the Newspapers on the organisation; these were rejected due to the biased content, they appeared to sensationalised articles. Journal articles discussed the organisation in terms of its strategy and policies in HR practices. These journals articles, together with well documented theory were not only the back bone of the Literature review it constructed a theoretical framework. Tertiary data sources, such as library catalogues and indexes were used to scan for secondary data. This produced journals and newspaper articles, and Internet addresses. With the amount of literature, it took time to sort out relevant material to the research. Narrowing down the search Bells (1993) six points parameters was applied. Applying key words that were identified in the first search produced relevant and up-to-date material (Bell, J.1993). A limitation on the literature search was the amount of time to read all articles and books on the subject. Whilst reviewing the literature references to other publications were followed and reviewed. Bells checklist on identifying the relevance of literature found was a practical method to reduce the amount of reading (Bell, J. 1993). Ethical considerations in research fall into three categories, during design, collection, and reporting of the data. These areas were carefully considered at all stages of the research. The person privacy must not be evaded during interviewing Oppenheim (1996) referred to this stating respecting the respondents right to privacy, as the right to refuse to answer certain or all questions (Oppenheim, A.1996:84). By participating in the research, no harm should fall on the participant. It was decided not to interview employees, through the logistics of the method. Employees would have to give their time, plus a venue was required of site to maintain privacy (Saunders, M. et al 1997). Consent must be obtained from both the organisation and individuals before commencement of research. The data sought throughout the research should remain within the scope of the project (Saunders et al 1997). Questionnaires were selected to obtain the overall picture of recruitment, and retention from employees. The results will be compared to the literature review, which will validate the theory and the case study, to form an overall picture retention policy and practices. Before the questionnaires were distributed a letter was delivered given to all employees explaining the purpose of the research, and how the information was to be used. The letter contained a contact number for the researcher, and gave a guarantee of anonymity of the information. An advantage of communicating to respondents before the questionnaire was that it increased the response rate, and addressed ethical concerns (Saunders et al 1997). Fellow students were used to pilot the questionnaires; to test the information gained from the questions and the time take to complete it. From this, adjustments were made on the wording, removing technical jargon (Bell 1993). From the closeness of the relationship between researcher and the respondent, a problem arose that individuals could be recognised from their handwriting. This was addressed by using a tick box format, with no coding to recognise individual responses, maintaining anonymity of the respondent (Saunders et al 1997). A benefit from using this format was the data collected was quantitative. Closed questions maintained the anonymity of the participants, but had the disadvantage of limiting the data that could be collected (Cresswell 1994). Other methods of data collection were considered and rejected. Focus groups would have offered free flowing information. This could have been facilitated with discussion led by the researcher. The idea was rejected due to the limited contacts within the organisations. This would also be unethical to place pressure on their goodwill. The methods that were used to collect data followed in a logical order. Each method validated the findings from another method, triangulating the results therefore reducing bias. 4.0 Literature Review This section of the paper discusses the relevant theory on the topic. Starting with HR and focusing in on retention and the strategies employed to increase the organisations level. 4.1 Human Resource Management The concept of human resource management has emerged from the 1980s into a core consideration of corporate strategy in the 1990s, (Legge, L 1995). There is no single definition of HRM in the literature yet the emphasis has to a large extent been on the strategic role of human resource management in organisations. Some research has identified HRM with strategic aspects of best-fit or aligning people to the needs of the organisation as expressed in corporate strategy and others have examined HRM as a means of gaining enhanced organisational performance, (Golding, N (2004) cited in Beardwell, I. et al 2004). However the contribution that human resource may make to an organisations performance and effectiveness has been linked closely to the changes in different business environments including macro and micro contexts. Recognition of the importance of HR has increased in recent years; this is a result of competition from overseas economies. In countries for example Japan, Germany and Sweden investment in employee development is higher that the UK. This has led to some organisations reviewing their policies on training introducing continuous investment in their employees Although when multinational organisations have entered the UK, they have introduced their global HR policies (Beardwell, I. et al 2004). For HR to succeed it must take on a proactive role within the organisation. Strategic HR creates value by providing opportunities for organic learning, development of intellectual capital and enhances core competencies. This value is crucial to the organisations future success (Treen, D. 2000). Employers are increasing extorting the best possible performance from employees. Best practice will increase the skills of the current workforce, and with recruiting it will reinforce the culture of a highly skilled work force (Mullins, L. 2005). Strategic HRM has gained both credibility and popularity over the past decade, specifically with respect to its impact on organisational performance (Paauwe, J Boselie P. 2003). 4.2 Human Resource Strategy To fully exploit the wealth of knowledge contained within an organisation, it must be realised that it is in human resource management that the most significant advances will be made. As a result, the human resource department must be made a central figure in an organisations strategy to establish a knowledge basis for its operations (Mullins, L. 2005). There are fundamental differences in the approach to HR. Storey (1987) discussed these as hard and `soft versions of HRM. The hard version places little emphasis on workers concerns and, therefore, within its concept, any judgments of the effectiveness of HRM would be based on business performance criteria only. In contrast, soft HRM, while also having business performance as its primary concern, would be more likely to advocate a parallel concern for workers outcomes (Storey cited in Guest, D. 1999). These models of HR theory, will justify why there has been an increase in this management practice. Walton (1985) defined HR as mutual goals, mutual influence, mutual respect, mutual rewards, and mutual responsibility Walton further added that the psychological contract under this unitarist, high commitment model is one of mutuality, but it is a mutuality strictly bounded by the need to operate within an essentially unitary framework (Walton cited in Beardwell, l. et al 2004) The image of training and development has changed and can be used a key driver for delivering shareholder value (Rogers 2004:25). This increase in training priority has been supported by a rise in Human Resource Management. This practice emphasises that increased growth can only be maintained in the long run; by equipping the work force with the skills they need to complete their tasks (Mullins, L. 2005). 4.3 Human resource as a Control System There is a need for a higher value to be placed on employees. And therefore get the best performance from the employees. According to Delany (2001) successful organisations keep people issues at the fore front of their thinking and at the core of their decision making and planning. Delany adds organisations that get the people things right are the organisations likely to be around in the future (Delany (2001) cited in Mullins, L. 2005:748). Although some commentators have argued that the role of human resource explicitly views employees as another resource for managers to exploit. In the past, managements had failed to align their human resource systems with business strategy and therefore failed to exploit or utilise their human resources to the full. The force to take on HRM is therefore, based on the business case of a need to respond to an external threat from increasing competition (Guest, D 1999). This view reflects a longstanding capitalist tradition in which the worker is viewed as a commodity. The consequential exploitation may be paternalist and benevolent; but, equally, it may operate against the interests of workers. Essentially, workers are simply resources to be squeezed and disposed of as business requirements dictate. More importantly, the interests of workers and their well-being are of no significance in themselves. As John Monks (1998) stated In the wrong hands HRM becomes both a sharp weapon to prise workers apart from their union and a blunt instrument to bully workers (Monks (1998) cited in Guest, D 1999:258). There are conflicting views on the justification behind implementing HR practices; one extreme views the practice as a control mechanism. The employee is central to any strategy, and should feel a valued part of the organisation. 4.4 Human Resource Function The role of HR should not be administrative based; it should be a part of the long term strategy of the organisation. Appointed an HR manager to the board is the only way this can happen (Beardwell et al 2004).Rogers (2004) discussed the role of developing human capital strategies that HR has a real opportunity to shine. There are numerous HR departments are failing to deliver the goods (Rogers 2004:25). 4.5 Retention There are hidden costs involved when there is a high turnover of employees, but each organisation deferrers in what is the normal level of retention. It is not just a low retention rate that can cause problems to an organisation, if this is too high it can lead to a stagnant workforce. There is no overall right level, and this is dependent on a number of factors, both internal and external. Pizza Hut has a staff turnover of more than 50% per year; this figure takes into account the vast number of casual and student workers the company employs. The technology company, 3M, whose has a wide range of career opportunities for employees, retains a high proportion of its staff (Rigby, R. 2003). When there is high retention this introduces new problems for the organisation. High retention levels, rather than being a company-wide problem, will often occur in pockets within businesses. For instance, an employee or a team may have become so good at their job(s), that their boss cannot bear too lose them or even promote them, which can lead to stagnation and de-motivation of their employees (Rigby, R. 2003). If retention levels are in line with the norm for the type of organisation, then the productive employees should be encouraged to stay and the poor performers encouraged to leave. If this were measurable the then organisations would retain employees whose contribution produces a positive risk adjusted profit for the firm. These employees would have a positive influence on the firm (Sigler, K.1999). 4.6 Cost to the organisation A major factor of a high level of employee turnover that impinges on an organisation is the cost. The costs can be broken down into the costs of leaving, replacements, transition and indirect. The leaving costs are the payroll and the personnel administration of the employee leaving. The replacement costs are spent on recruitment of potential employees, the money and time spent on interviewing and any placement fees involved. Transition costs for a company include the training costs of new employees the unproductive time while the new employee is learning the skills required and any induction costs for the new employee. The indirect cost to a company is the potential loss of revenue because of decreased levels of customer service The cost of replacing workers who have left can amount to two and half times a workers annual salary. These costs are rarely specifically identified in any accounting records. Therefore turnover cost data should be used to demonstrate the success of retention strategies over time (Risher, H. and Stopper, W. 2002). Apart from the significant economic impact with an organisation losing any of its critical employees, there is also the knowledge that is lost with the employees departure. This is the knowledge that is used to meet the needs and expectations of the customers (Bassi (1997) cited in Ramlall, S. 2004:54). Organisations cannot take a passive attitude toward knowledge management, Instead they should seek to sustain the competitive advantage and develop systems to control the value of knowledge (Stewart, (1997) cited in Ramlall, S. 2004:54). The Human capital theory suggests that some labour is more productive than other labour simply because more resources have been invested into the training of that labour, in the same manner that a machine that has had more resources invested into it is apt to be more productive (Ramlall, S. 2004). Employers need to review all the costs involved with employee turnover, not all cost are financial, hidden costs include the reduction in knowledge. These are not tangible, and will not show on the companies accounts, but through a lack of skills this can reduce the long term profit. 4.7 Recruitment Key to retaining the right employees is recruiting them in the first place. This process must given consideration to their long term value to the organisation. The attraction and retention of key talent, is increasingly pivotal to organisational success. The ability to achieve competitive advantage through people depends in large part on the composition of the work force. This, is the function of who is hired, and how they are developed, these factors will lead to who is retained (Sturman, M 2003). Retention begins at recruitment time, so it is important to select for organisational and cultural fit, not merely against the technical and skills requirements of a given job. Best practice companies have known this for a long time, and ensure that the selection process allows a full assessment of candidates abilities, interests, aspirations, and values, and a deliberate review of how well these match their organisational culture (Risher, H. and Stopper, W. 2002). Organisations are under increasing pressure to recruit the right people for the right job. The economic cost of getting this wrong can be vast, with the resources that have been ploughed into the process. Numerous factors are to be considered during this process including the culture of the organisation, legal implications, attracting and employing the correct candidate and the cost in time and resources. Therefore it is paramount that the process is fair, reliable and valid (Armstrong, M. 2001). Hacker, C.A. (1996) discussed the process of recruitment and advises that employers should consider three areas when they are preparing to employee, these are the cost per hire of an employee; turnover rate; and productivity. The recruiting of an employee contains hidden costs; these include advertising and the time that is employed on screening and interviewing the prospective employee. Therefore, if the recruitment of people is not cost effective option, then high turnover of employees must be avoided. Retention of the current workforce is the most economic solution to an organisation (Hacker, C.A. 1996). The employers requirements relate to the labour process that is the supply side of the labour market. This is simply employing suitable people for the roles that are required. While this is described as the human capital, this is a sterile and limited interpretation of a variety of personal characteristics and dispositions which employees bring to the workplace (Alcorso, C. 2003). As Beardwell and Holden (1994) emphasise essential to a good HRM practice is recruitment and selection, which must consider correct fit between personnel and job in order to maximise efficiency in terms of retention and HRM strategic planning. The organisation can use the recruitment process to continue, enhance or even change the organisational culture. When a change of strategic direction is required, recruiting the right candidates is a important factor to increase the chance of success (Beardwell, I. Holden, L. 1994:225). There are various recruiting sources, but their success rates are not equal. For example, employee referrals will yield higher quality workers than do sources such as newspaper ads or employment agencies. In a survey the top three sources of successful candidates are employee referrals, college recruiting and executive search firms. All these methods should be considered for effective recruitment. Although the best recruiting sources are still dependant on the type of industry and the job skills required by the organisation (Terpstra, D. 1996). Recruitment of the right candidate is problematic, the skill of the recruiter is vital to appointing a successful candidate. Insufficient information about employees performance can result in adverse selection by Managers. This arises from where the manager does not know the information h to ask from the candidate and the candidate does not know what to provide. Therefore, productive workers cannot distinguish themselves from non productive candidates (Sigler, K. 1999). Reviewing and monitoring recruitment practices can lead to a reduction in key employees leaving. If the first stage of retention is recruitment, then best practice will lead to the correct candidate being selected. In the long term this will increase the retention levels of key employees within the organisation. 4.8 Human Resource Development The principal function of any organisation is to increase the value of the business and therefore enhance the wealth of its Owner(s). This is obtained by efficient use of the limited resources available to them (Blackwood, T 1995). Garrick (1998) discussed that HRD is inextricably linked to market economics, that knowledge is prized in so far as it can generate a market advantage(Garrick, J 1998:5). Leading to the assumption that HRD can give the organisation advantage aiding the ability to increase profit. Therefore using that theory HRD should be viewed as a vital function of all organisations, and not just there to satisfy training issues, a proactive role. Garavan et al (2000) discusses the emergence of strategic HRD practices, which are directly linked to the organisations strategies, with profit maximising paramount, HRD is a tool that should be employed to obtain and support this (Garavan et al, 2000). HR and training literatures highlights the organisational benefits to be gained from adopting a systematic approach to HRD, therefore the ongoing development of employees skills underpins the wider business objectives (Keep, E 1989). This systematic approach to training often includes models that identifying needs, planning, delivery and evaluation. Harrison developed an eight stage model to identify monitor and evaluate training. The evaluation stage is possibly the most problematic part of the training process (Reid, M.and Barrington, H. 1997). 4.9 Training Training can be defined as a planned process to change attitudes, knowledge or skills and behaviour through a range of activities to achieve effective performance. When this training is in the work situation, it develops the employee to satisfy current or future needs of the organisation (Beardwell, I et al 2004) It is generally accepted that methods of training can usually be separated into two categories: on-the-job, and, off-the-job. On-the-job training is implemented at the trainees workplace, while off-the-job training is conducted away from the trainees workplace and takes them outside of their work environment (Mullins, L. 2005). Training can be used as a change agent, to change the culture of an organisation. It is also a tool to improve organisational effectiveness, especially in fiercely competitive markets. All too often organisations that are facing financial problems will cut back the training program, where as they could be used to increase overall performance. The training budget is viewed too often as an expendable, and the first to cut or even go in crises (Rogers 2004). 4.10 Reward systems Amongst the theorist there a several key areas of management, which affects the retention of key employees, this includes motivation, job satisfaction, reward systems and the psychological contract. The first area reviewed is reward systems; these can be both intrinsic and extrinsic. Reward systems are one of the four key policies within strategic HR. the organisation can use this tool to raise commitment, competence, and congruence and it is cost effective. With individuals having more control on their reward, at a basic level this can motivate, at a higher level can introduce self esteem and self worth. These values are congruent to the organisations values and principles (Beardwell, I et al 2004). PRP is an individualised form of payment which reflects individuals performance. These increases may determine the rate of progression through an organisation (Farnham, D. 2002). The problem of attempting to keep talented members of the work force is further complicated because of bounded rationality. This leaves colleagues who cannot improve their positions within the hierarchy more likely to remain with the organisation. This is often due to inadequate information on outstanding performance, therefore it is not recognises financially. Non-productive and productive workers end up receiving the same or nearly the same compensation and package of perks because of managements inability to distinguish talented employees from the rest of the labour force in the organisation (Sigler, K. 1999:2) Incentive pay can be used for employees, setting targets and when they are met rewarding with cash bonuses. Share ownership by the employee is another type of pay incentive. It in essence makes the employee a shareholder of the organisation aligning the interests of the employee with the owners. Employee share ownership can come through restricted share plans where ownership of the share is not transferred to the employee until after a specific period of time has passed or a specific goal has been achieved. This not only provides the employee with the incentive to drive the share price higher through their work effort, but also remain with the organisation until maturity of the plan (Sigler, K. 1999:3) 4.11 Motivation There are four main categories that the theories of motivation are classified (1) Economic needs of man, money motivates, Taylorism (2) Social concept of motivation, from the Hawthorne studies (3) Self actualisation this took the findings from the Hawthorne studies further, psychological issues were studied (4) the contingency approach, large number of variables that influence a persons motivation. These theories all have factors that relate to the work place (Mullins L. 2005). Motivation is an individuals perception of their worth, role and work environment within an organisation. There are common motivational factors that employees share, although when satisfied will lead to different levels of motivation. Both Intrinsic and extrinsic rewards add to the motivation level of employees, if managed correctly. Although the perceived equitable reward varies amongst employees, those who receive less than their perceived value will feel undervalued, and not motivated. This will impinge on job satisfaction, with employees feeling dissatisfied with their award (Mullins, L. 2005). Mitchell (1982) described motivation as the psychological process that cause the arousal, direction, and persistence of voluntary actions that are goal oriented (Mitchell (1982) cited in Ramlall, S. 2004:55). Motivation defined by Robbins (1993):55) is the willingness to exe