Structural Engineering and Ethical Decision Making Essay

Structural Engineering and Ethical Decision Making INTRODUCTION Currently in the state of California, designers employed in the building industry follow the 1997 Uniform Building Code (UBC 97). The UBC 97 is intended to be a minimum requirement for both engineers and architects to follow in the design of any structural building or bridge. There are exceptions to the use of the UBC; local jurisdictions have the right to adopt other codes for there use. For instances some counties or cities may adopt certain ordinances that go beyond the UBC. The engineer is required to follow the code of the jurisdiction that he/she is building in. However, if there are other codes in existence that are better, the engineer is expected to be†¦show more content†¦4 Act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees. 5 Conduct themselves honorably, responsibly, ethically, and lawfully so as to enhance the honor, reputation, and usefulness of the profession. http://www.nspe.org/ethics In addition to the guidelines stated above, the American Society of Engineers puts forth the following fundamental cannons: 1 Engineers shall act in professional matters for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees, and shall avoid conflicts of interest. 2 Engineers shall build their professional reputation on the merit of their services and shall not compete unfairly with others. 3 Engineers shall act in a manner as to uphold and enhance the honor, integrity, and dignity of the engineering profession. 4 Engineers shall continue their professional development throughout their careers and shall provide opportunities for the professional development of those engineers under their supervision. http://www.asce.org/pdf/ethics_manual.pdf The guidelines above are the most formal standards of ethical practice that engineers have to follow. 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Soren Kierkegaards The Iliad, By Simone Weil - 1349 Words

Simone Weil, in her essay The Iliad, or the Poem of Force, discusses the notion of force and the different ways upon which it is exerted. This notion when set side by side with Sà ¸ren Kierkegaard’s concept of a knight of faith in Fear and Trembling presents many paradoxes that seemingly convey the true nature faith, even within the political stratosphere. What I want to explore in this essay is how Weil’s notion of force interacts with Kierkegaard’s Abraham, and if the same force she explores is acting upon Abraham or if he is directed by something completely different. Weil defines force as â€Å"that x which turns anybody who is subjugated to it into a thing. Exercised to the limit, it turns man into a thing †¦ it makes a corpse out of†¦show more content†¦This triumph of love is presented in the presence of the empathy that accompanies death and is able to create a connection between enemies, thus eliminating the blindness that comes with the presence of force as well as dissipating the control that the force exerted upon both parties. This again, creates an equilibrium between the two individuals. Their backgrounds, social status, and relationships do not matter at this instant. All that matters is that they are death’s door and are aware of it at this moment. This clear awareness allows them to forget their past and move on from the fear that may have gripped them while they were waiting for death. This notion of awareness brings us to Kierkegaard’s idea that this equality, achieved so late in the lives of the characters in the Iliad, is essential for one’s attainment of â€Å"faith†. Kierkegaard employs Abraham’s character and story in oder to explain faith in a sense. The Iliad’s tragic hero and Abraham are different for a variety of reason’s but the main thing that sets them apart is that the tragic hero, can simply be understood. Te reader can connect and empathize with him because his actions are logical, whereas Abraham’s actions are nowhere near logical. He is called the Father of faith but was ready to kill his son. In order to even have the slightest possibility of understanding Abraham’s character one needs to accept that there are times, in regards to faith, where actions that are

Global Oil Forensic Accounting

Question: Explain Forensic Accounting? Answer: Introduction: The global oil prices have always been of concern for the functioning of any economy. The fluctuations in the price of the oil have significant impact on the macroeconomic variables of an economy. It has been evident for the past few years that the global price of the oil has declined sharply. This fall in the price has led to the decreased revenue in the oil exporting countries and on the other hands, the oil importing countries have been benefitted by the cheap oil. The consumers of the oil will derive the benefit of the low oil price as they will now pay less for driving cars or heating up their houses. The global oil prices have been fairly stable from 2010 till the mid 2014 which was around $110 per barrel. But from mid 2014, June the world prices of oil have fallen sharply. The Brent crude oil has declined below $50 per barrel whereas the US crude oil has fallen below $48 per barrel. The situation is full of tension for the oil exporting countries. In this paper, the winners an d the losers of the fall in the oil prices will be evaluated along with the assessment of the oil exporting countries. In this analysis the AD-AS model is considered for the understanding of the fall in the oil price. Global Oil Price and its impact: The global oil prices had been considerably stable for the past few years which were recorded to be around $110 per barrel until mid June. Thereafter the oil price more than halved and amounted to be about $50 per barrel. The fall in the global oil prices can be attributed to two-fold reasons behind such drastic change. The oil market has been characterized as an oligopolistic market structure as there were few sellers of oil and many buyers of oil, but with time, the number of oil producers and exporters increased driving the economy towards a competitive framework. Thus, the increased competitiveness in the market has caused due to five features: The market of oil contains many sellers and many buyers. The oil is homogeneous commodity that is exported by the oil producers. The producers of oil are price taker as there is only one price in the market. There is free entry and exit in the oil market. There is little or no market power in the oil market. Producers of oil follow profit maximizing behaviour. The demand and supply of the oil are relatively inelastic in the short run which means that changes in the price causes little influence on the demand and supply of oil (Carollo, 2012). The demand and supply curves are shown in the form of diagram attached in the appendix 1. The first reason behind the fall is the weak demand in most of the countries which mainly because of the unexciting economic growth. This situation was aggravated by the surging oil production by the US. The second reason behind the sharp fall in the oil price is due to the issues related to the oil cartel OPEC. The fall in the oil price is due to the situation of excess supply within the economy (Cordesman and Al-Rodhan, 2006) as shown in appendix 2. As the OPEC has refused to cut down its production in order to increase the price, it has caused rather an opposite situation which is the situation of excess supply. Now from the basic concept of demand and supply it is known in an excess supply situation the price of the commodity will fall which is in this case where the oil price has sharply fallen due to the over production of oil by the OPEC countries. This has slowed down the economic activities of Europe, Japan and China as shown in appendix 3. So it is important to analyze who are benefitted as well as harmed from the fall in the oil prices (Forbes, 2015). The winners due to the sharp decline in the oil prices are the net importers of oil. According to the IMF this fall in the oil prices have been impacting most of the advanced economies as the 30% declined in the oil prices have likely to increase the 0.8% economic growth as they importers of oil. As India has accelerated the disinflationary process it will derive positive impact from the fall in oil prices. The losers on the other hand are the oil exporting countries as by selling oil they are earning less revenue. For example, Venezuela is reported to decrease its public expenditure by 20% to contain the deficit and increase the confidence. Russia on the other hand depends on its export of oil. The fall in the price has deteriorated the economic status of the country by devaluing its currency, increase in the commodity prices leading to inflation and finally there will be a situation when Russia would slip into recession. Global oil price and AD-AS framework: The consumer price index (CPI) has fallen to 1.3% in the US which is an impact of the fall in the crude oil price which serves as an input of several products which form the basis of the core inflation. There is also a fall in the unemployment rate to 5.6% and is predicted to fall even further. This trend of economic growth along with the declining inflation rate paved the way for expansionary disinflation which is expected to remain if oil price continue to decrease which sometimes the economist call it a positive supply shock. Some economists have difficulty in absorbing this contradictory notion. It is generally the case that the inflation and the employment move in the same direction as conceptualized through the Phillips curve. Thus, it can be said that the downfall in the inflation rate is a supply side effect which is attributed to the fall in the oil price. So this can be explained through the mechanism Aggregate Demand (AD) and Aggregate Supply (AS). The aggregate demand curve is shows the changes in the price level that impacts the equilibrium level of real GDP. The aggregate supply on the other hand shows the changes in the level of output that impacts the price level. The equilibrium is achieved where the AD curve meets the AS curve. Now due to the positive supply shock in the economy due to the fall in the oil price, the AS curve will shift to the right as shown in the diagram attached in the Appendix 4. Impact of fall in global oil price on oil exporters: The fall in the oil price has hampered the oil exporting countries as they receive less revenue from the export of the oil. Oil exporters like Russia, Iran, Nigeria, Venezuela and Ecuador depends on the oil market to generate revenue through which they plan to fund infrastructure projects and other social programmes and other financing adventures. With the fall in the oil price, the revenue decreased and hence the funding for projects programmes and plans are affected the most. Another impact of the falling oil prices have on the government budgets, foreign debts and stabilization of the currencies. As the price of the oil has fallen it is not beneficial for the oil exporting countries to export oil so they would withdraw their supply and thus, the aggregate supply of the oil exporting countries will shift to the left which is shown in the diagram attached in the appendix 5. Impact of fall in global oil price on saudi arabia with respect to aggregate demand: Saudi Arabia is the second largest oil exporting country. This country completely relied on the oil industry for their revenue generation so the fall in the global oil price will have adverse impact on this oil exporting countries. Some economists are worried about the crash down of the economy of Saudi Arabia as they heavily rely on the oil revenue for the survival. The fall in the oil revenue implies that the GDP growth rate has fallen from 6.4% in the beginning of the year 2014 to 2% at the end of the year 2014. The charts are attached in the appendix. It can be seen that as the global oil price declined and the gasoline price remained stable but the GDP had fallen in the same year (BBC News, 2015). Thus, it can be understood that the oil revenue plays an important role in the GDP of Saudi Arabia. If the oil prices remained as low as $40 per barrel then there will be a government deficit which will be around 14% of the GDP. Also if the oil prices remain low then the Saudi Arabia h ave t cut down their high cost projects and other social programs after the Arab Spring. The current budget deficit of the country is $39 billion and about 90% of the budgeted income comes from the oil market. it has been suggested by the financial analysts that due to the fluctuating movements of oil price, Saudi Arabia must diversify their revenue source to avoid total crash down. The declining oil price had impacted the national income of the country as it has decreased it by more than $88 billion. As the economy may face instability, the impact of the low oil price revenue will enable the government to cut down expenses in order to combat the deficit and the debts of the country. So in order to decrease the expenses, the government has to decrease the wages and salaries of the employees and also cut down the basic operational expenses. The oil minister of Saudi Arabia has been positive about the fall in the oil price to which he states that the country already posses $750 billio n worth foreign exchange which will be utilized in this crisis and this may get depleted. The decrease in the government expense in economics is termed as a policy that can be incorporated by the government which is the contractionary fiscal policy (Forbes, 2015). The government of Saudi Arabia can implement this policy to cut the government spending and thereby reduce the budget deficit. In this regard the government can also increase the tax and social insurance which will fetch additional revenue and increase the revenue after the failure of the oil market to do so. This can benefit the largest oil exporting country. This is shown with the help of the diagram attached at appendix 6 and appendix 7. As the recent fall in the oil price is due to the supply component so this is like the positive supply shock and is treated as a simple cost or price level shock which affects the price level permanently but the effects are temporary. Thus, the monetary policy in this case should be accommodating in nature to the shocks. The fall in the oil price has a devastating impact on the price of other commodities and causes a situation of decreasing inflation in Saudi Arabia where the inflation rate has declined after June 2014 from 2.8% to 2.4% (Financial Times, 2015). The inflation rate chart is attached in appendix 8. The impact of the falling oil price will impact the aggregate demand of the Saudi Arabia. The aggregate demand gives the negative relationship between the price level and the real GDP of the country. With the fall in the oil price, the government expenditure will be reduced which will cut down the wages and reduce the consumption expenditure which will cause a fall in the aggregate demand curve to the left and thus, the real GDP will fall. The diagram is attached in the appendix 9. The typical business cycle represents four phases; Saudi Arabia is in the downturn phase which is characterized by growth moderating, contraction in credit, revenue and national income is under pressure, policies taken are contractionary in nature and there is economic instability (Fidelity.com, 2015). The chart is attached at the appendix 10. Conclusion: The fluctuations in the oil market, particularly in the oil prices have significant impact on the economies of the world. In the course of the fall in the oil prices, it is the oil exporters that are the losers whereas the oil importers who have to pay less for the same amount of oil that they purchased earlier will derive the benefit and so they are the winners. Based on this scenario, the fall in the oil prices are explained through the concept of AD-AS. Thus, the fall in the oil prices are considered as a positive supply shock which causes the rise in the real GDP and fall in the price level. On the other hand, this paper highlights the impact of the fall in the oil price on the oil exporting countries. It is the fall in oil price that hampers the economy by suppressing the fund allocation in the projects, programmes and other arenas which undermines the growth within the economy. It can be said that the poor oil exporting countries who depend on the oil revenue for their well bei ng will be affected the most whereas the impact of the declining oil prices will be less severe on the countries who are prepared for the volatility in the oil prices. In this paper, the case of an oil exporting country which is in this case is Saudi Arabia is analyzed. The impact of the oil price fall on the economy of Saudi Arabia has been negative which caused a fall in the GDP rate, decrease in the national income, cut down of government expenses and wages and operational expenses are reduced so there is an economic instability in the economy of Saudi Arabia. References: Carollo, S. (2012).Understanding oil prices. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley. Cordesman, A. and Al-Rodhan, K. (2006).The global oil market. Washington, D.C.: CSIS Press. Forbes, (2015).The Economic Impact Of Falling Oil Prices: 'Expansionary Disinflation'. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonhartley/2015/01/12/the-economic-impact-of-declining-oil-prices-expansionary-disinflation/ [Accessed 10 Jul. 2015]. Imf.org, (2015).IMF Survey : Falling Oil Prices Hurt Exporters across Mideast, Central Asia. [online] Available at: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2015/CAR012115A.htm [Accessed 10 Jul. 2015]. Unalmis, D., Unalmis, I. and Unsal, D. (2009).On the sources of oil price fluctuations. [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund. Fidelity.com, (2015).Business cycle update: Results of low oil prices. [online] Available at: https://www.fidelity.com/insights/markets-economy/february-business-cycle-update-2015 [Accessed 24 Jul. 2015]. Financial Times, (2015).Saudi Arabia predicted to cut state spending after oil price fall - FT.com. [online] Available at: https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/e52a434e-9c9f-11e4-a730-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3ghphkZNW [Accessed 24 Jul. 2015]. Forbes, (2015).How Will The 2014 Drop In Oil Prices Affect The World Economy And Geopolitics?. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2015/01/06/how-will-the-2014-drop-in-oil-prices-affect-the-world-economy-and-geopolitics/ [Accessed 24 Jul. 2015]. BBC News, (2015). Falling oil prices: Who are the winners and losers? - BBC News. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-29643612 [Accessed 24 Jul. 2015].

Marriott International free essay sample

The Marriot International Hotels have had a long standing history of being recognized as one of the most prestigious hotels. The Marriot Hotel has specific expectations and responsibilities that are expected from their employees on a regular basis. Their reputation derives from the conduct of the Marriott associates who create this professional business environment on a day to day basis. The hotel industry can be a very unpredictable environment. Employees at the Marriott are confronted with situations on a daily that test their values, beliefs and judgments.The reputation of the Marriot is built upon the actions of their employees at these times. It is vital for each member of the Marriott staff to understand the legal and ethical responsibility they have, in order to retain such a highly regarded reputation. To ensure the associates of the Marriott Corporation understand what is expected of them, the Marriot corporations has developed a tool to aid in this requirements called the Business Conduct Guide. We will write a custom essay sample on Marriott International or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As Marriot associates, officers, directors, or the persons acting on behalf of the Marriott, they are expected to be familiar with and work within the code of business conduct detailed in the Business Conduct Guide pre-establish by the Marriott. Managerial associates, officers, and directors are expected to set the proper tone and lead by example. The Marriott understands that in order for the regular staff to execute these guidelines to the best of their abilities, encouragement, supervision, and direction largely depended upon he attitudes of it leadership staff.Within this Business Conduct Guide, it lists an array of detail rules, regulations, and bylaws that the hotel personnel are expected to fallow. Employees are expected to follow these rules and regulations at all time. The Business Conduct Code itself is a fairly reasonable, with a common sense approach to the standards which are expected to be followed. The hotel industry is based largely on customer service and creating a comfortable and safe atmosphere. When customers stay at the Marriot, they are expecting a high level of hospitality with a positive experience.Creating a professional work environment is the first step in a series of actions covered within the Business Conduct Guide set of guidelines. Some of the obstacles that may occur have been identified, as well as what is expecting from the managerial staff. The Business Conduct Guide provides a list of essential and specific course of actions. * Communicate what is expected of associates. * Set the right example. Others are likely to follow your lead. * Do set unrealistic goals that place indirect pressure on associates to compromise our ethical standards. Recognize associates for acting with integrity. * Report known violations of policy or law. * Foster a work environment that encourages the reporting of Business Conduct Guide and policy violations. * Adopt â€Å"open door† processes for the benefit of associate communications. * Safeguard the confidentially of those who report violations I good faith and protect them from retaliation and job reprisal. Application of Marriott’s ethical standards to others is another key area of focus.When working with outside contractors, vendors, suppliers, and agents it is critical to be mindful of the Marriott’s ethical principles. Since they will be working with the Marriott Corporation, they will inherent the same standards and responsibilities to follow while as a representative of the Marriott community. The Marriott Corporation does not expect the average employee to become a subject matter expect in these, rules and by laws, but they are expected to be familiar with the expectations of the corporation in their particular area of responsibility.In efforts to ensure that employees are up to date with the Marriott Internationals business conduct guidelines, employees will from time to time be required to verify that they have read and are conversant with the material covered in the Business Conduct Guide. This Business Conduct Guide provided by the corporate office applies to all of the sectors in the Marriott’s business operations. This includes of all company-branded hotels and business and all Marriott business units, Marriot administrative offices, personal and human resources departments, and majority owned subsidiaries.For example, the Ritz- Carlton is owned by the Marriott Corporation and falls under the same business conduct guide lines as the mainstream Marriott hotel s. Its policies and principles like this, is what keeps the Marriott Hotels regarded with such a great reputation as one of the most respected hotels around the world. The Managers of each individual hotel is responsible for the supervision of all employees and associates. It’s their duty as a key leadership figure to enforce and ensure that the expectations of the Marriott Corporation are meet on a daily basis.These supervisors are responsible for overseeing and reporting any discrepancies that make result in a sub level performance of competence that mat occur during, before, and after times of operations. The Marriott Corporation has specific expectations for their employees, the Business Conduct Guide was established to ensure their hotels are kept at a high level of success at all times. Identifying and reporting potential legal issues, is an area where a corporation can neglect to identify a proper set of guidelines for employees to follow.Within the Business Conduct Guide it clearly identifies a list of ideas if you are unsure of what to do in a given situation that could result in a damaging legal matter. * Is the action legal? * Is it consistent with Marriott’s business values, and is it a wining situation for both Marriott and the customers? * How would you feel about your decision if your friends and community learned about it in the media? * What would you do if you Marriott and you were responsible for our reputation?Confidentiality not retaliation has always been a policy with the Marriott Corporation. The Marriot International respects the confidentially of its associates who report potential Business conduct violations and has no retaliation policy for associates who raise concern honestly and in good faith. The hotel industry is full of potential business venture. This is due to large amount of competitor in this one particular market. The Marriott International is a corporation strong enough to merge and acquired various hotels that fall short of their financial bottom line.Since 1993 to present, the Marriott International has made 21 acquisitions while taking stakes in 3 companies and has 67 divestitures. The most recent merger was the acquisition of the 176 room Residence Inn in Manhattan Beach California by Investcorp Real Estate in June 2011 (Mandzy 2011). The investment manager from Investcorp, plans to renovate and upgrade the property, which will operate under a new franchise agreement with Marriott International. Investcorp states that its total investment would be $40 million, which includes the costs of the renovation. In the past The Marriot International has either fully purchased various properties sites for the creation of a new hotel, or has merged with other investors in existing operations. Either way the Marriott international is always on the seeking new business opportunities. Marriott International is a leading lodging company with more than 3,000 lodging properties in the United States and 67 other countries and territories (Marriot. com). The Marriott Corporation has a large variety of different types of hotels that it has to offer.A number of these different hotels are themed towards vacation, leisure, and business dealings. Marriott Lodging operates and franchises hotels under a variety of titles. The wide selection of various hotels is a characteristic that makes Marriott International Corporation far more unique than their competitors. There are a total of 18 different varieties of hotels that range from five star accommodations, to family oriented settings. The Marriott offers hotels that cater to traveling business man and woman, and to companies who desire a location to host presentations and seminars.Some Marriott hotels are directed towards more of upgraded travel experience. Three of their more exclusive hotels offered, consist of the Ritz Carlton Destination club, The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, and the Executive Stay. Theses sets of hotels are at the apex of the Marriott International hotel in regards to the services and amenities offered to consumers. There are over 70 Ritz Carlton hotels and resorts worldwide. The Ritz-Carlton is a worldwide symbol for being amongst the finest in luxury accommodations. Normally a room can range from $439 to $649 a night.These branches of Marriott hotel cater to the upper class of society that can afford these luxuries amenities. The Marriott International also provides resort style hotel that is still in the upper tier of the Marriott brand called the JW Marriott Hotels Resorts and the Renaissance Hotel. This resort and hotels is another example of the excellent reputation the Marriott international carries over to its consumers. There is 39 JW Marriott Hotels worldwide; 16 in the United States, and 23 international locations. There are over 145 Renaissance worldwide. The JW Marriot and the Renaissance Hotel carters to not only travelers for seek fine dining and luxuries accommodation, but travels that are on business. The prices of these location range from $189 to$309 a night. The remaining hotels listed under the umbrella of the Marriott International Corporation are: Marriott Hotels Resorts, Edition Hotels, Autograph Collection hotel, Courtyard, AC Hotel, Residence Inn, Fairfield Inn Suites, Towne Place Suites, Spring Hill Suites, and the Marriott Vacation Club. These hotels fall under that category of flagship brand of quality-tier, full service hotel.There are 2551 Marriott Hotels and resorts located inside of the continental United States and around the world. For the average vacation seeker and business traveler, these listed options provided by the Marriott are the most preferred. The average rate for these hotels, range from $74 to $90 a night. The Marriott also has an option for travelers who need special business accommodation. For these situations the Marriott offer the Marriot Executive Apartments and the Grand Residences. These are more seasonal rentals.These corporate housing brands of hotels were designed to meet the needs of business executives on an overseas assignment of 30 days or more. These exclusive apartments offer traveling business executives residential accommodations with all of the same amenities as the Marriott Hotel. There are 18 Marriott Executive Apartments located internationally and in the United States. The Grand Residence has four locations in Lake Tahoe, London, Kauai Lagoons, and Panama City Beach Florida. Prices range from $90to $150 a night. The last and certainly one of the more popular used Marriott hotel sites, is the Marriott Conference Centers.This Hotel is primarily used as a conference center for business that wants to provide a comfortable and professional conference atmosphere. It can be difficult to accommodate out of town business associates in one strategic city, the Marriot Conference Centers are idea for consolidating every traveler in a convenient location. The Hotel offers specialized conference rooms ranging from small intimate settings, to large scale presentation rooms. There are 13 Marriott Conference Centers in the United States, and all of them are updated with the latest audiovisual communications and technology.Despite not having the lowest priced hotels compared to their competitors, this price setting is a marketing tactic which has continued to generate an enormous amount of revenue and customer loyalty year around. The Marriot hotel understands that with the price of some of their more popular hotel being costly, there are expectations the Marriott hotel hold its standards up to. Consumer know when they enter a Marriott hotel they will be take care of. From the moment they arrive, till the moment they leave, they are going to have an amazing experience with a comfortable atmosphere.Another important aspect of the hotel industry that The Marriott Hotel is widely recognized for is their advertisement campaign. We are a global hospitality leader with a 76-year heritage of taking care of our guests, said John Marriott, executive vice president, lodging. This campaign builds on our culture, creates an emotional connection with the customer, and reinforces our commitment to meeting guests needs with the best brands in the industry. The Marriott International announced on February 2 2011, the launch of a new advertising campaign that is inspired by real life travel experiences (PR Newswire). These experiences will showcase the companys distinctive service culture. The Campaign will be titled Its the Marriott Way, the campaign will host a series of documented stories and expediencies that reflect Marriott International’s strong relationship with its guest and highlights the many upgraded services and details across the Marriott’s various brands of hotel. One of the ideas for their Televising spots was to illustrate the reliability of their service throughout the generations by showing a scenario where a Marriott employee gives up his own shoes to a business traveler late to an important meeting, who forgot to pack his own. Our campaign speaks to people not as consumers but as human beings, in the irresistible form of stories and music, said Deborah Fell, Marriotts senior vice president of marketing strategy and integration. Experiences like these are what the Marriott Corporation wants to share with its guest. The Marriott International has delivered consis tent service throughout all of these years. The reputation of the Marriott International is vital to their future success and wants to ensure that their employees and its consumers never forget the standards and reputation that is attached to the Marriott brand.

Biography of Florence Nightingale, Nursing Pioneer

Biography of Florence Nightingale, Nursing Pioneer Florence Nightingale (May 12, 1820–August 13, 1910), a nurse and social reformer, is considered the founder of the modern nursing profession who helped promote medical training and raise hygiene standards. She served as head nurse for the British during the Crimean War, where she was known as The Lady With the Lamp for her selfless service to sick and injured soldiers. Fast Facts: Florence Nightingale Known For: Founder of modern nursingAlso Known As: The Lady With the Lamp, The Angel of the CrimeaBorn: May 12, 1820 in Florence, ItalyParents: William Edward Nightingale, Frances NightingaleDied: August 13, 1910 in London, EnglandPublished Work: Notes on NursingAwards and Honors: British Order of MeritNotable Quotes: â€Å"Rather, 10 times, die in the surf, heralding the way to a new world, than stand idly on the shore.† Early Life   Florence Nightingale was born on May 12, 1820, in Florence, Italy, to a comfortably prosperous family. She was born while her parents, William Edward Nightingale and Frances Nightingale, were on an extended European honeymoon. (Her father changed his name from Shore to Nightingale after inheriting his great-uncle’s estate in 1815.) The family returned to England the next year, dividing their time between a home in Derbyshire in central England and a grander estate in Hampshire in the south-central part of the country. She and her older sister Parthenope were educated by governesses and then by their father. She studied classical Greek and Latin and modern French, German, and Italian. She also studied history, grammar, and philosophy and received tutoring in  mathematics  when she was 20, after overcoming her parents objections. From a young age, Nightingale was active in philanthropy, working with the ill and poor in the nearby village. Then, on Feb. 7, 1837, Nightingale heard the voice of God, she later said, telling her she had a mission, though it took some years for her to identify that mission. Nursing By 1844, Nightingale had chosen a different path from the social life and marriage expected by her parents. Again over their objections, she decided to work in nursing, at the time a less-than-respectable profession for women. In 1849, Nightingale refused a marriage proposal from a suitable gentleman, Richard Monckton Milnes, who had pursued her for years. She told him he stimulated her intellectually and romantically, but her moral†¦active nature called for something beyond a domestic life. Nightingale enrolled as a nursing student in 1850 and 1851 at the Institution of Protestant Deaconesses in Kaiserswerth, Germany. She then worked briefly for a Sisters of Mercy hospital near Paris. Her views began to be respected. In 1853, she returned to England and took a nursing job at Londons Institution for the Care of Sick Gentlewomen. Her performance so impressed her employer that she was promoted to superintendent, an unpaid position. Nightingale also volunteered at a Middlesex hospital, grappling with a cholera outbreak and unsanitary conditions that further spread the disease. She improved hygiene practices, significantly lowering the death rate at the hospital. Crimea October 1853 marked the outbreak of the Crimean War, in which British and French forces fought the Russian Empire for control of Ottoman territory. Thousands of British soldiers were sent to the Black Sea, where supplies quickly dwindled. After the Battle of Alma, England was in an uproar over the lack of medical attention and appallingly unsanitary conditions faced by the ill and injured soldiers. At the urging of a family friend, Secretary of War Sidney Herbert, Nightingale volunteered to take a group of female nurses to Turkey. In 1854, 38 women, including Anglican and Roman Catholic sisters, accompanied her to the front. She reached the military hospital at Scutari, Turkey, on Nov. 5, 1854. Deplorable Conditions They had been warned of horrible conditions, but nothing could have prepared them for what they found. The hospital sat atop a cesspool, which contaminated the water and the  building. Patients lay in their own excrement. Basic supplies such as bandages and soap were scarce. More soldiers were dying from infectious diseases such as typhoid and cholera than from injuries sustained in battle. Nightingale headed nursing efforts, improved sanitation, and ordered supplies using significant funds raised by the London Times, gradually winning over the military doctors. She soon focused more on administration than on actual nursing, but she continued to visit the wards and to send letters home for the injured and ill soldiers. She insisted that she be the only woman in the wards at night, carrying a lamp as she made her rounds and earning the title The Lady With the Lamp. The mortality rate at the hospital dropped from 60% at her arrival to 2% six months later. Nightingale applied her education in mathematics to develop statistical analyses of disease and mortality, in the process popularizing the pie chart. She continued to fight the military bureaucracy and on March 16, 1856, she became general superintendent of the Female Nursing Establishment of the Military Hospitals of the Army. Return to England Nightingale returned home in the summer of 1856, once the Crimean conflict was resolved. She was surprised to find that she was a heroine in England, but she worked against public adulation. The previous year, Queen Victoria had awarded her an engraved brooch that became known as the Nightingale Jewel and a $250,000 grant, which she used in 1860 to fund the establishment of St. Thomas Hospital, which included the Nightingale Training School for Nurses. She wrote a massive  report in 1857 analyzing her Crimean War experience and proposing reforms that sparked a restructuring of the War Offices administrative department, including the establishment of a Royal Commission for the Health of the Army. She also wrote Notes on Nursing, the first textbook for modern  nursing, in 1859. While working in Turkey, Nightingale had contracted brucellosis, a bacterial infection also known as Crimean fever, and would never fully recover. By the time she was 38 years old, she was homebound and routinely bedridden in London for the rest of her long life. Working mostly from home, she founded the Nightingale School and Home for Nurses in London in 1860, using funds contributed by the public for her work in the Crimea. Nightingale collaborated with Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman granted a medical degree in the United States, on starting the Womans Medical College in their home country of England. The school opened in 1868 and operated for 31 years. Death Nightingale was blind by 1901. In 1907 King Edward VII awarded her the Order of Merit, making her the first woman to receive that honor. She declined a national funeral and burial at Westminster Abbey, requesting that her grave be marked simply. Her condition worsened In August 1910, but she seemed to recover and was in good spirits. On August 12, however, she developed a troubling array of symptoms and died around 2 p.m. the following day, August 13, at her home in London. Legacy Its difficult to overstate the contributions that Florence Nightingale made to medicine, including her work on sanitation and hygiene and on organizational structures, and especially to nursing. Her fame encouraged many women to take up nursing, and her success in founding the Nightingale School and Home for Nurses and the Womans Medical College opened the field to women around the world. The Florence Nightingale Museum, at the site of the Nightingale Training School for Nurses, houses more than 2,000 artifacts commemorating the life and career of the Angel of the Crimea and The Lady With the Lamp. Sources Florence Nightingale Biography. Biography.com.Florence Nightingale: British Nurse, Statistician, and Social Reformer. Encyclopedia Britannica.Nightingale, Florence. Notes on Nursing: What It Is, and What It Is Not. Dover Books on Biology, Paperback, 1 edition, Dover Publications, June 1, 1969.

What Its Like Being a Chemist

What It's Like Being a Chemist Have you ever wondered what its like being a chemist? Here, real chemists share their job experience, including the pros and cons of working in chemistry. I asked chemists to address the following questions  about the career so that someone thinking about becoming a chemist could make an informed decision. What type of chemist are you?What do you do as a chemist?What is the best/worst part of your job?What training did you need? Was it easy/difficult to find a job as a chemist?Are you happy being a chemist? Why?What advice would you give someone interested in chemist? Keep in mind, some respondents come from non-English-speaking countries. The poll was taken in 2014. Here are their answers: thinking about change major I am coming from top 5 Chinese university and I did internship at senior year. I am a synthesis intern. From what I learned, there are a lot of jobs in the market, many new pharm companies. But the problem is the payment is very low (3k RMB in Nanjing. too low to survive in the city, but the company is in the poor area of the city, living standards are low) and the working condition is really bad, and working hours are long. One group member left the company because of health reasons, the doc warned him. I applied to US school then. It is nice to study aboard with stipend, but it is not enough to live in the city. It seems like chem job in US is impossible, and I certainly dont wanna go back china to work in chem job. So I am thinking about changing majors to biostatistics, CS or business. really struggling now. - chineseStudent 2014 and the job market is still bad. So many of the chemistry jobs are low paid contract positions with no job security. Most chemistry majors are not working in a lab or even in science. They are managers, sales people, regulatory, etc. In many companies at some point you are deemed too old to be working in a lab and no one will hire you, and the branding of too old is now about 35 years old. Sometimes even younger. Or you have low paid new grads as lab techs to do all the actual lab work while you sit in meetings all day and work 60 hour weeks. And businesses are all about profit and market share, not actual RD or science. Its sad sad sad.... - Unemployed/Underemployed Found a Job I have graduated from a university with a Bsc in Chemistry in 2013. After four months, I was able to find a job although not a good pay but I still want to continue with chemistry related job because am working as a Petroleum Officer. I am looking forward to develop my career in chemistry as I aspire to be a Chemical Engineer. - Sulayman Camara Life ruined I studied hard for 8 years straight only to find that there are absolutely no jobs anywhere. Ive been applying for jobs as a chemist for the last 3 years and havent found anything, Im still in debt from school loans and wonder why I ever went into this field. I now work 2 jobs, one at burger king and another shoveling dog sh** at a kennel. I cry myself to sleep most nights. - My life is over Poor choice of career My suggestion to anyone want to get into this field is STAY AWAY from chemistry. I graduated with a MS in chemistry back in 2007 and worked in several chem and pharma companies. I can tell you that 90% of people I worked with, including me regretted going into this field and I have yet met a person likes working with chemicals. Chemistry is over-saturated and underpaid. As an analytical chemist you will get around 30k to 45k. if you have a PhD and dont mind risk you life to work with explosive chemical reactions then you can get 45K to 70K. The reality is that there are just too many candidates available in the job market and many of them are PhD. There are no job security in this field. Many big company already moved their RD and manufacturing facility to Asia and they rarely offer perm position to technical positions. Ive seen too many people ordered to leave the company without a minute notice because they are on contract. - Peter L Tough but worked out so far I recently received my Ph.D. in organic chemistry (top 35 school). I had to work very hard for a long time including a 1 year industrial post doc. Now I work at the same company as a process chemist synthesizing active pharmaceutical ingredients. The pay is 80,000 and I love my job. It was very hard to find a job after my Ph.D. and I sent resumes all over the country. I love my job now and have even received calls from recruiters for other job opportunities. I think the job market is competitive and the supply is greater than the demand at the BS/MS level. I had a low paying temp job with my BS in chemistry before I decided to go to grad school. I think if your going to work as a chemist get your Ph.D. The work is more interesting and the pay is better. Also there are so many BS/MS chemists one of the best ways to beat the competition is to get your PhD. BS/MS chemists use to have more opportunity for advancement but now the job market seems saturated with them. - Organic chemist Graduate in 2004 I love chemistry. Its really fun and challenging, but only in terms of theories...working in lab sucks! long hours sometimes until midnight depends on experiment...underpaid...but thats not the main concern...I realize my health deteriorate significantly...lab work makes me dizzy. - K No jobs As a synthetic organic chemist with a PhD, 4 patents and a bunch of papers, 15 years of research, I am now a self-employed cleaner in Melbourne, Australia. If I had completed pharmacy, instead of doing my PhD, and wasting my time in medicinal chemistry I would be having a job now with at least some chemistry. - Ada Just got laid off, again! I got a job working in a chemistry lab, entry level Research Associate, early this year. Just got a pink slip and was told my last day is May 28th. I graduated in 2008 and I have gone through a series of odd jobs, low paying gigs, just to get by. Chemistry is the worst degree you can get, so much time and effort spent in class for nothing. If I knew I was gonna be jobless pursuing science, I would have taken a lighter route and studied business instead. All these undergraduate students running around blogging about the marvelous potential of chemistry career, parroting corporate propaganda is very annoying. I hope younger chemists can learn from older chemists mistakes and take a different approach to choosing careers. - Jobless Chemist If you havent finished, you dont know. Anyone who is still an undergrad is not qualified to speak on the state of the industry. You dont know what its like, so stop acting like you do. We all liked chemistry in our undergrad years, but the reality of chemistry very different. You all think its fun and challenging when your experiments arent working because youre learning. If someone is paying for your research and youre under pressure to perform, its not fun to fail. You spend most of your time writing grants, reading papers and getting walked over. When youre not doing that, youre dealing with idealistic students telling you Chemistry is for smart intelligent people there are no limits to what you can do! Education, skill, and ambition. Use it. You dont know, so shut up. I cant wait until you get into the real world and are back head posting the same stuff as everyone else. - Be quiet students chemistry is leaving the states I graduated with a BS in chemistry with a 3.89 gpa in 2010. I struggled to find a job. Everyone said I didnt have enough experience. I only had one interview and I got lucky they offered it to me as I was leaving the interview. I made 51K last year. My company just bought a lab overseas in India. They are opening a lab that does the exact same thing that we do but the cost will be a 1/3 of ours. I applied to a MBA program in the fall. Even though I love science and chemistry I just dont think there is a future in the USA for it. - wvchemist Its not a place for a career I am a recent graduate with an undergraduate degree in chemistry. Unlike most I was fortunate that during my summers I worked in a commercial analytical laboratory. It was miserable, no one seemed to enjoy themselves and many were looking for other avenues of employment. I personally struggled with it myself. It had approximately 20 employees 10 of whom Im still great friends with of those ten five remained and five returned to school for something unrelated or medical professions. I myself saw the job prospects early and balked, after discussing with my family I decided to go back and do my MBA I start in about a month and a half and my job prospects look infinitesimally larger, Ive already had a family friend offer me a well paid position upon graduation. To all those suggesting its easy to find a job its not. Chemistry is merely a stepping stone and Id never advocate doing a Chemistry degree and stopping there. Many of my friends who are also graduating are following my route. - Donewithchem Still cant find a job I am a fairly recent graduate (2010) with a BSc in Chemistry. I cannot get a job in Chemistry to save my life, despite having been trying continually for the last two years. I do have a job as a Radiological Controls Technician at a Naval shipyard, which pays decently and is a stable job, but I would much rather be working as a chemist. I love science and dont care about money, and chemistry is a great field. It breaks my heart to read all these posts from people working as lab techs whining about low pay and poor job security. I would do anything to be in their shoes! Anyways, I guess what I am trying to say advice-wise is this: dont go into chemistry if youre out to make money, because there isnt any to be made. - Aspiring Chemist Working as a Research Chemist I finished a PhD recently, and am now in a post-doctoral position. Furthermore, I am in Australia, and I notice that in this place we tend to get paid substantially more as Postdocs than in many other countries, such as the US. I have thoroughly enjoyed the whole research process, and the process of putting together journal articles for publication. I can understand that for those in industrial settings, the job market can be particularly volatile. The situation in academia is not much better if you are not able to come up with novel research and dedicate the time necessary to put out high-impact articles. However, personally, I enjoy the intellectual stimulation and I will try to do as much as I can for as long as I can. - OxathiazoleChemist MD BS BIOCHEMISTRY 1968, NO JOB OFFERS SO WENT TO GRAD SCHOOL, THEN NO JOB SO WENT TO MED SCHOOL...MANY PHYSICIANS WERE CHEMISTS, OR BIOCHEMISTS , NO JOBS SO MEDICINE IS A GOOD ENDPOINT FOR A CHEMIST....TRY TO ALSO GET PRE MED COURSES DONE AS PREREQUIRED. MY DAD WAS ALSO A CHEMIST BS BERKELEY, ENDED UP WORKING FOR THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA IN WATER POLLUTION REGULATION... SO CHEMISTRY IS JUST THE FIRST STEP, YOUR FINAL CAREER IS SOMEWHAT DIFFERENT, BUT THE CHEMISTRY BACKGROUND PERMITS YOUR ABILITY TO ENTER ANOTHER FIELD. BEST OF LUCK, ROBIN TRUMBULL,MD - DRTRUMBULL Other Options I have a BSc honours in physical chemistry. After struggling to get a job in the field, I eventually found a job writing and developing high school science resources. I am loving my job and get paid well. Yes, the job market sucks and it is a harsh environment but if you love it, stick with it. So my advice would be to consider other things that use your knowledge. And I would strongly urge all prospective chemists to learn about technology and learn to program or major in both computer science and chemistry. That really widens your field of possible jobs. Chemistry is not dead, we just need to get with the program and adapt to the brave new world of technology. There is so much more we can still do with this incredible and fascinating field but we need to accept that technology is part of it now. - Heather Forget about It! Just another voice to add to the choir from a mid-career PhD. If you are interested in chemistry and it is your passion, by all means pursue it as a hobby. But dont expect to make a career out of it, gain respect, and/or provide adequately and steadily for a family. - Forget about it! chemistry sucks I have a Bsc in Chemistry and still can not find a decent job, if I had known better I would never have majored in chemistry. - annoyed chemist Senior Chemist Quality and Quality assurance chemist last 20 years. I am working in petrochemical companies as a technical consult as well as QC QA and R D departments in sophisticated laboratory. - Mohammed Iqbal Job Market is Terrible I graduated last year with a BS in Chemistry with a 3.8 GPA, and so far for a year straight Ive been looking for a decent paying job that pays more than my current job. So far its a no go....beginning to get frustrated, and may just go back and get my PhD in Chemical Engineering. With student loan companies wanting their money, and no jobs to be found, thats about my only choice. - Aphyd Dont bother at all. Chemistry is dead I am a chemist, I have a B.S. and an M.S. with thesis from one of the top schools in this country (consistently ranked #1 for its masters program). I have worked at a multinational and I can tell you that chemistry is dead. If you are in school, study engineering or computer science. Do not waste your time. People do not appreciate chemistry. The value is on engineering or computer programming. The era of materials and chemistry-driven research on a scale to support newly graduates or mid-career individuals is over. I have been laid off two to three times and thats with awards, patents, publications, etc. from these companies. The bottom line is that its all about applied science (engineering) or computers (programming). I have over 5 years of experience and I would tell you not do it. Its wasteful. - wish I knew better Not a good career at all. Well as of 2012 I can say that I have actually been offered jobs, however they paid around 35-40k a year. On the other hand my part-time job that I had as an undergraduate is paying me now as full time 50-65k at a manufacturing plant (last year I made 50k and only worked 9 months). I have been looking for a job that will pay 50k and have steady day hours, so far its a fail. I dont know if I will ever find such job. When I talk to my undergraduate friends who are working in chem it is clear that I am doing much better than they are. Dont go into chemistry, from what I hear grad school is a waste of time for most people too. - 2010 Graduate working as a chemist Hi, Chemistry is a very interesting subject to study. All branches of Chemistry are more or less related to one another, so the more you know, the better you understand. As for jobs, it all depends on what one likes best. Personally, I was lucky to work in the marketing of Chemicals to industry. Here the sky is the limit because Chemicals find use in so many industries. See how many Chemicals are used in the paint industry as an example. Blending scientific background with modern management practices is a formula for success. - a.haddad Student vs Working Perspective Ill remind the student that there is a big difference between sitting in a classroom, being amazed by the possibilities of chemistry and actually attempting to make a living from it. The negativity comes from those who ARE in the field APPLYING chemistry. Notice the title of this thread Working as a Chemist? We all loved our undergrad years, but the simple fact is that the industrial chemistry profession in the U.S. actually decreased by 2% according to the ACS. When you get a job, work for years, survive waves of layoffs and the get told youre overqualified for much of anything out there, come back to the thread and let us know how you coped with it all. Most of us were as optimistic about this profession as any undergrad. Then we graduated into reality. - WorkingChemist Chemistry I graduated with my BS chemistry in 2007 started out as production chemist around $50,000. I chose to go back and get my MS Chemistry while working (employer payed most of it) and in 2011 I graduated and took a new job as a process chemist at $85,000. I love my job, it is fast paced and steady. I have seen very little turn around in chemists, but lab techs come and go pretty quick. Overall I would definitely recommend it as a profession. Only big downside is there are not many women chemists on the industrial side, and at any plant/ refinery safety is always a slight compromise. - MS Chemist very happy to say i am a chemist Really i am very happy to say I am a chemist, i have faced so many problems to stand as a chemist in a field of chemical. I think that chemistry is evergreen. - swathi Chemistry was a waste of money for me I wanted to post here just so that people can read, understand, and hopefully not make the same mistakes I did. I graduated with a BS degree in 2005 and even STILL am battling constant layoffs and unemployment. Its really a horrible economy out there for us Chemists. I decided against Graduate school because I just didnt have the passion for it. I worked low paying job after job and gained a lot of industry experience. At the beginning I thought that I would just work my way up, but after about 7 years Im unemployed yet again after being laid off. At every job Im always thought of highly, wow youre the best temp weve ever had It doesnt matter I still get laid off and not hired. Whatever you do do not major in chemistry, and if you are considering graduate school unless you can get into one of the best, say f*** it. I repeat its a sh*tty career and job. - ChemDude contractor Would you please add another loser chemist here? With PhD in polymer chemistry as well as 2 years of postdoc. What I can do is short contract as a technician. BTW, I have no way to renew my membership of chemistry. - yoho chemistry and good jobs? It was a great punishment that God gave to me_BSc Chemistry. chemistry! chemistry!! - oli Has worked out for me I have a BS in chemistry and started my first job as a process chemist in 2005 making $42,000/yr. From 2007-2010 I did QC work for the same company. I took a job with a different company in 2011 and have been doing primarily ingredient preparation. For me, this consists of formulation, production of different blends, syntheses, and some minor mechanical maintenance. Counting bonuses, I grossed over $70,000 in 2011. I have worked under PhD chemists who make 6 figures a year. My short term objective at this point is to obtain my MS in chemistry. I have applied for Fall 2012 semester and will find out my acceptance status in May 2012. Obviously, due to the job market, employment will be tight but that is true for most job types. Some people will find success and others will not. This should go without saying. - Chemist81 Dead end career I have 15 years of synthetic chemistry experience, including process development and medicinal chemistry, I am published and have numerous patents. Our chemistry department was cut and outsourced. I now work as an analytical chemist, treated like a slave for 2/3 of what I used to make, in a job that is not intellectually stimulating in any way. I was lucky to get a job of any sort, synthetic jobs are impossible to find unless you want to move to India or China. My former coworkers have struggled to get interviews and are still unemployed. I agree with the poster that stated chemistry is dead in the USA. - formersyntheticchemist Chemistry is powerless Chemists are indeed smart but businesses treat them like very smart fools. The person just saying chemists can get a job anywhere clearly has no idea how the job market works. The only way a chemist can switch careers is to go back to school which is financially difficult or hide their degree and take a blue collar job. I took the police exam because at this point that would be a huge improvement. Many chemists like myself are trapped and unable to escape the never ending abuse and exploitation by companies who treat them worse than unskilled labor. - MSChemist *There was not space here for all the responses submitted by chemists, but I have posted additional replies on my personal blog, so you may read them all  and post your own opinion.

The Brain and Consciousness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Brain and Consciousness - Essay Example Many of the experiments discussed on class regarding blind-sight, and the responsiveness of the body to stimuli which affect the body through a visual blind spot could well be explained by the autonomic functions of the brain stem. (Corey, et al. 1995) This portion of the brain is responsible for many autonomic function of the body, such as respiration, heart beating, etc. Advanced training, what is often referred to as subconscious responses to external stimuli, could well be the part of neural learning which happens in the brain stem. The received stimulus does not have to transmit as far as the brain cerebral hemisphere for the body to 'know' how to respond. Thus, learned behaviors become more of a subconscious, autonomic function because of brain stem responses. The visual cortex composes approximately 1/3 of the brain surface area, and if primarily responsible for receiving and processing visual input. The visual cortex is highly pattern recognitive, therefore it processed patterns in order to break down the input signals and make connections for the mind to understand. Visual understanding is an important part of thought and understanding. The proof of which is the importance and presence of dreams. Regardless of the dream theory one ascribes to, each theorist and their theories lead in the same direction.